Supplementary Data from Evaluation of Promoter Hypermethylation Detection in Body Fluids as a Screening/Diagnosis Tool for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The time interval at which Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores stabilize after functional septorhinoplasty has not been determined. Our goal was to characterize longitudinal trends of patient-reported outcomes of nasal obstruction using the NOSE survey instrument following functional septorhinoplasty.Prospective longitudinal cohort study.Adult patients (≥18 years) with nasal obstruction who underwent functional septorhinoplasty by three different surgeons at a single academic, tertiary referral center were identified. NOSE scores were obtained preoperatively and prospectively during three postoperative intervals defined as early (1-3 months), middle (4-6 months), and late (≥10 months.) Longitudinal analysis included repeated measures analysis of variance and adjustments for multiple comparisons.A total of 49 patients met inclusion criteria. For the total cohort, mean NOSE scores significantly improved between preoperative and early postoperative evaluations (71.4, standard deviation [SD] ± 17.0 vs. 24.2, SD ± 19.5; P < .001) but did not significantly change between early and middle (20.6, SD ± 19.1; P = .543) or middle and late (23.1, SD ± 24.9; P > .999) time intervals.Patients with nasal obstruction who undergo functional septorhinoplasty can be expected to have significant improvement in self -reported nasal obstruction as early as 1 to 3 months postoperatively with a continued, durable, long-standing benefit lasting at least 10 months after surgery. Future studies can consider the 3-month time frame as a proxy for 1 year outcomes to help reduce survey burden.2c Laryngoscope, 129:841-846, 2019.
Extensive maxillofacial defects resulting from trauma or oncologic resection present reconstructive challenges. Various autografts and alloplastic materials in conjunction with standard soft-tissue techniques have been used in the reconstruction of these types of defects. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a semicrystalline polyaromatic linear polymer exhibiting an excellent combination of strength, stiffness, durability, and environmental resistance. Recent investigations of PEEK as a biomaterial resulted in the successful treatment of cervical disk disease. We describe a series of 4 patients whose defects were reconstructed using customized PEEK implants. All had excellent postoperative aesthetic and functional results without complications such as infections or extrusions. Because PEEK implants are customizable, easily workable, inert, and nonporous, they represent an ideal alloplastic material for maxillofacial reconstruction.
Increased expression of CD169 on monocytes has been reported in HIV-1-infected humans. Using rhesus macaque models of HIV infection, we sought to investigate whether simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection upregulates CD169 expression on monocytes/macrophages. We also sought to determine whether CD8 T cells and plasma viral load directly impact the expression of CD169 on monocytes during SIV infection. We longitudinally assessed monocyte expression of CD169 during the course of SIV infection by flow cytometry, and examined the expression of CD169 on macrophages by immunohistochemistry in the spleen and lymph nodes of uninfected and infected macaques. CD169 expression on monocytes was substantially upregulated as early as 4 days during the hyperacute phase and peaked by 5-15 days after infection. After a transient decrease following the peak, its expression continued to increase during progression to AIDS. Monocyte CD169 expression was directly associated with plasma viral loads. To determine the contribution of CD8(+) T lymphocytes and virus to the control of monocyte CD169 expression, we used experimental CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in SIV-infected macaques. Rapid depletion of CD8 T cells during acute infection of rhesus macaques induced an abrupt increase in CD169 expression. Importantly, levels of CD169 expression plummeted following initiation of ART and rebounded upon cessation of therapy. Taken together, our data reveal independent roles for virus and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in controlling monocyte CD169 expression, which may be an important link in further investigating the host response to viral infection.
Abstract Purpose: Mitochondria are highly susceptible to oxidative damage. Although mitochondrial function decreases with oxidative damage, overall mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content increases to compensate for general mitochondrial dysfunction. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction for genes specific to mitochondrial and nuclear genomes to investigate relative mitochondrial abundance in a spectrum of dysplastic head and neck lesions. Experimental Design: DNA from mild, moderate, and severe dysplasias, as well as invasive tumors and normal mucosal cells, was extracted. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratios were determined by quantification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CoxI) and β-actin genes. Results: Mean CoxI/β-actin DNA ratios for mild, moderate, and severe premalignant lesions were 0.0529, 0.0607, and 0.1021, respectively. The mean ratio for the normal mucosal cells contained in saliva was 0.0537, whereas the mean ratio for tumors was 0.1667. As a whole, our experimental model demonstrated significance (P = 0.0358). Comparisons between individual categories showed borderline significance when compared with the normal group, with P values of 0.0673, 0.0747, and 0.0824 for moderate and severe dysplasia and invasive tumor, respectively. Conclusions: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas arise through premalignant intermediates and may be merely morphologic manifestations of accumulated genetic alterations. In keeping with this molecular tumor progression model, our study shows that mtDNA increases according to histopathologic grade, a phenomenon that may be a feedback mechanism that compensates for a generalized decline in respiratory chain function. Therefore, high mtDNA content may be another marker of genetic alteration, a measure of relative DNA injury, and a surrogate measure of histopathologic grade.
