Gregory S. White

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

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Ary Faraji

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

Christopher S. Bibbs

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

Thomas R. Unnasch

University of South Florida

Nadja Reissen

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

M. Andrew Dewsnup

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

Ilia Rochlin

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Raymond Sørensen

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

Robert L. Aldridge

Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology

Seth C. Britch

United States Department of Agriculture

Sean P. Graham

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Cooperative Institutions

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Vector (United States)

Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District

Colorado State University

Harvard University

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

University of California, Davis

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Agricultural Research Service

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Construction and performance of q-ary turbo codes for use with M-ary modulation techniques

Gregory S. White Daniel J. Costello

This paper describes a construction technique for q-ary turbo codes that computes good recursive systematic convolutional q-ary constituent codes with constraint length v/spl les/5 for q=2/sup m/, m=2, 3, and 4. The construction technique, based on the algorithm of Benedetto, Garello and Montorsi (see IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.46, p.1101-1105, 1998), determines the codes with maximum d/sub i/ for i=2, 3, and 4 and minimum codeword multiplicity, where d/sub i/ is the minimum weight of all code sequences with input weight i. Due to the large number of encoder states involved, standard weight distribution calculations are difficult. The construction algorithm employed is a computer search that generates all possible terminating sequences of weight 2, 3, and 4 to use as inputs to the set of allowable encoders.

Turbo code

Convolutional code

BCJR algorithm

Minimum weight

10.1109/isit.2000.866518

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Citations (9)

Comparison of the Efficiency and Cost of West Nile Virus Surveillance Methods in California

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (2015)

Jessica M. Healy William K. Reisen Vicki L. Kramer Marc Fischer Nicole P. Lindsey

Surveillance systems for West Nile virus (WNV) combine several methods to determine the location and timing of viral amplification. The value of each surveillance method must be measured against its efficiency and costs to optimize integrated vector management and suppress WNV transmission to the human population. Here we extend previous comparisons of WNV surveillance methods by equitably comparing the most common methods after standardization on the basis of spatial sampling density and costs, and by estimating optimal levels of sampling effort for mosquito traps and sentinel chicken flocks. In general, testing for evidence of viral RNA in mosquitoes and public-reported dead birds resulted in detection of WNV approximately 2–5 weeks earlier than serological monitoring of sentinel chickens at equal spatial sampling density. For a fixed cost, testing of dead birds reported by the public was found to be the most cost effective of the methods, yielding the highest number of positive results per $1000. Increased spatial density of mosquito trapping was associated with more precise estimates of WNV infection prevalence in mosquitoes. Our findings also suggested that the most common chicken flock size of 10 birds could be reduced to six to seven without substantial reductions in timeliness or sensitivity. We conclude that a surveillance system that uses the testing of dead birds reported by the public complemented by strategically timed mosquito and chicken sampling as agency resources allow would detect viral activity efficiently in terms of effort and costs, so long as susceptible bird species that experience a high mortality rate from infection with WNV, such as corvids, are present in the area.

Flock

West Nile virus

10.1089/vbz.2014.1689

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Citations (37)

Do it yourself: fabricating and evaluating a mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) blood-feeding device to replace a commercial option

Journal of Insect Science (2023)

M. Andrew Dewsnup Ary Faraji Gregory S. White Christopher S. Bibbs

Abstract Tools for rearing hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), in an insectary are essential for research and operational evaluations in vector biology and control. There is an abundance of low-cost options for practitioners without conventional infrastructure. However, few midrange options exist that provide a balance of efficiency and low material waste. We present here a reproducible design for an electrically powered blood-feeding device that offers long-term reusability, low material waste, and customizability for different species or experiments. The limitation is the requirement for electricity, but the gain is a simple, low-skill device that can be modified as needed. To validate the design, assessments of feeding angle and blood-feeding success were compared between the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District artificial membrane feeder (SLAM) and a commercial system (Hemotek). Engorgement in Aedes aegypti (80–90%), Culex pipiens (50–80%), and Culex tarsalis (30–75%) was similar between the 2 units, resulting in nearly identical fecundity outcomes between devices. Additionally, 45° angles were more successful, generally, than presenting the feeders flat or vertical to the mosquitoes (df3,48, P = 1.014 × 10−15). This angle is simple to present with the SLAM device. Materials for in-house reproduction of the SLAM system are now widely available in regions with access to e-commerce and shipped goods. This results in a device schematic that should fit well into a relatively modular, do-it-yourself paradigm where the practitioner needs only to assemble some materials without complex engineering. This article provides schematics, cost comparison, and validation of the in-house-made SLAM system.

Schematic

Mosquito control

Blood sucking

10.1093/jisesa/iead072

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Citations (1)

Serosurveillance of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Amphibians and Reptiles from Alabama, USA

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2012)

Sean P. Graham Hassan K. Hassan Taryn Chapman Gregory S. White Craig Guyer

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is among the most medically important arboviruses in North America, and studies suggest a role for amphibians and reptiles in its transmission cycle. Serum samples collected from 351 amphibians and reptiles (27 species) from Alabama, USA, were tested for the presence of antibodies against EEEV. Frogs, turtles, and lizards showed little or no seropositivity, and snakes had high seropositivity rates. Most seropositive species were preferred or abundant hosts of Culex spp. mosquitoes at Tuskegee National Forest, that target ectothermic hosts. The cottonmouth, the most abundant ectotherm sampled, displayed a high prevalence of seropositivity, indicating its possible role as an amplification and/or over-wintering reservoir for EEEV.

Ectotherm

10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0283

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Citations (48)

Isolation of Genotype V St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in Florida

Emerging infectious diseases (2009)

Christy Ottendorfer Jason H. Ambrose Gregory S. White Thomas R. Unnasch Lillian M. Stark

Abstract We isolated and characterized St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from cloacal swabs of naturally exposed adult sentinel chickens in 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of SLEV strains isolated in Florida indicated that Brazilian SLEV circulated in 1972 and 2006; lineages were VA and VB.

Isolation

Virus isolation

10.3201/eid1504.081094

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Citations (15)

Detection of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus RNA in North American Snakes

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2012)

Andrea Bingham Hassan K. Hassan Thomas R. Unnasch Sean P. Graham Nathan D. Burkett‐Cadena

The role of non-avian vertebrates in the ecology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) is unresolved, but mounting evidence supports a potential role for snakes in the EEEV transmission cycle, especially as over-wintering hosts. To determine rates of exposure and infection, we examined serum samples from wild snakes at a focus of EEEV in Alabama for viral RNA using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Two species of vipers, the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), were found to be positive for EEEV RNA using this assay. Prevalence of EEEV RNA was more frequent in seropositive snakes than seronegative snakes. Positivity for the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in cottonmouths peaked in April and September. Body size and sex ratios were not significantly different between infected and uninfected snakes. These results support the hypothesis that snakes are involved in the ecology of EEEV in North America, possibly as over-wintering hosts for the virus.

10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0257

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Citations (46)

Phylogenetic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolates from Florida

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2011)

Gregory S. White Brett E Pickett Elliot J. Lefkowitz Amelia G. Johnson Christy Ottendorfer

Florida has the highest degree of endemicity for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) of any state in the United States and is the only state with year-round transmission of EEEV. To further understand the viral population dynamics in Florida, the genome sequence of six EEEV isolates from central Florida were determined. These data were used to identify the most polymorphic regions of the EEEV genome from viruses isolated in Florida. The sequence of these polymorphic regions was then determined for 18 additional Florida isolates collected in four geographically distinct regions over a 20-year period. Phylogenetic analyses of these data suggested a rough temporal association of the Florida isolates, but no clustering by region or by source of the isolate. Some clustering of northeastern isolates with Florida isolates was seen, providing support for the hypothesis that Florida serves as a reservoir for the periodic introduction of EEEV into the northeastern United States.

10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0267

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Citations (19)

Mosquito Vector Biology and Control in Latin America—A 25TH Symposium

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association (2015)

Samanta Del Rio Galvan Adriana E. Flores Roberto Barrera Gilberto Amador Gustavo Ponce‐García

The 25th Annual Latin American Symposium presented by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) was held as part of the 81st Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA, in March 2015. The principal objective, as for the previous 24 symposia, was to promote participation in the AMCA by vector control specialists, public health workers, and academicians from Latin America. This publication includes summaries of 24 presentations that were given orally in Spanish by participants from Colombia, Mexico, and the USA. Topics addressed in the symposium included: surveillance, operations, ecology, chemical control, studies of dengue viruses, and insecticide resistance. Insect vectors included Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles mosquitoes in addition to phlebotomine sand flies and triatomine bugs.

Mosquito control

Entomology

Insecticide Resistance

10.2987/moco-31-03-286-296.1

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Citations (3)

PTH-030 How Does Delivery of Appropriate Endotherapy at Index Endoscopy Affect Outcome in Patients with Non-Variceal Bleeding?

Gut (2016)

Katy Waddell Gregory S. White Adrian J. Stanley AJ Morris

Introduction

NICE recommends that patients with non-variceal acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) and stigmata of recent haemorrhage (SRH) are offered endoscopic treatments (combination or mechanical method).¹ We audited the appropriateness and outcomes of endoscopic therapy in patients with non-variceal bleeding in a University Hospital with a dedicated consultant led out of hours endoscopy service.

Methods

AUGIB patients who underwent an emergency endoscopy (OGD) were identified from endoscopy, theatre and electronic records between 01.01.15 and 30.04.15. Our electronic clinical database was used to ascertain clinical details and outcomes.

Results

A total of 116 patients received an emergency OGD. Rebleeding occurred in 18 (15.5%) and 30 day mortality was 11%. 24 patients had non-variceal bleeding with SRH. 22 (92%) of these patients received endotherapy. Haemostasis was achieved after endotherapy in 20 (91%) patients.Two patients required CT angiography/embolization of the gastroduodenal artery. Two received no therapy. 19/24 (79%) patients received at least dual endoscopic therapy with 9/24 (37.5%) patients >2 modalities. 5/24 (9%) patients did not receive minimal recommended therapy; 3 patients (13%) received single (non-mechanical) modality. 2 patients received no treatment. In patients with endoscopic therapy, haemostasis was achieved in 13/22 (59%) patients at first OGD, 5/22 (27%) at second OGD and 2 (9%) at third OGD. In the two patients who failed endoscopic therapy, haemostosis was achieved at CTA. 7/22 patients (32%) did not achieve haemostasis at index endoscopy and required repeat endoscopy. Of these patients 5 (71%) had suboptimal endoscopic therapy at index endoscopy. In the 15 patients who achieved haemostasis 3 (20%) had suboptimal therapy at index endoscopy. (p = 0.05, Fisher’s exact test)

Conclusion

In this audit he failure to deliver effective endoscopic therapy at the index endoscopy led to ongoing bleeding in patients with non-variceal bleeding and SRH. In this audit we found 37% of patients needed triple endoscopic therapy to achieve haemostasis. The impact of such intensive endotherapy requires further study.

Reference

1 NICE: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gs38

Disclosure of Interest

K. Waddell: None Declared, G. White: None Declared, A. Stanley Conflict with: Cook Medical, Boston Scientific, A. Morris Conflict with: Cook Medical, Boston Scientific.

10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312388.435

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Inhibition of murine monocyte proliferation by a colony-stimulating factor-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. Evidence for autocrine regulation.

The Journal of Immunology (1990)

Maria C. Birchenall-Roberts Catherine Ferrer Douglas K. Ferris L A Falk James Kasper

Abstract Using a combination of v-myc and v-ras oncogenes, we have established a growth factor-independent monocyte cell line from murine fetal liver (FL-ras/myc). Biologic and molecular characterization demonstrated that the gene for the macrophage growth factor CSF-1 and the c-fms proto-oncogene (CSF-1 receptor) are expressed in this cell line, thus suggesting autocrine regulation as a possible mechanism for the unregulated growth of these cells. To study this possibility, we used 1) mAb, to neutralize the CSF-1 protein produced by the cell line, and 2) antisense oligomers, to inhibit CSF-1 gene products by specific base-pairing of complementary nucleic acids. We report here that both approaches inhibited in vitro cell growth by 60 to 70%, whereas the combination of oligomer and mAb inhibited proliferation by 95%. However, control antisense oligomers (50% bp mismatch with CSF-1 mRNA) did not inhibit FL-ras/myc cell growth. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of mAb and oligomers were reversible when they were removed from the media. Detection of cell-associated CSF-1 protein by immunofluorescence showed that cells treated with the antisense oligomer expressed significantly less CSF-1 protein. These results indicate that the FL-ras/myc cell line requires CSF-1 for autonomous growth and that oligomers can efficiently block production of autocrine growth factors.

10.4049/jimmunol.145.10.3290

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Citations (26)