Abstract Objective: To demonstrate various techniques of sensory and motor examination of strabismus which will be helpful for the residents in understanding basic concepts in an easy way and practice in their career. Materials and Methods: The demonstration of sensory and motor examination is done by making orthotropic eye optically esotropia,exotropia,hypotropia or hypertropia by placing prism in front of the eye displacing the retinal image leading to eye movement. The interpretation of Red glass test, Bagolini striated glass test, Maddox rod test, double Maddox rod test, after image test is demonstrated easily by making the examiners feel the real appearance of examination of strabismic patients. Results: This examination could play a role in allowing residents to improve their skills free from the burdens of space and time limitations. Additionally, residents developed the confidence to examine and diagnose children with strabismus. Conclusion: We strongly believe that these examinations aimed at assessing improvements in strabismus will significantly enhance residents’ abilities to diagnose and treat this condition effectively. This study was aimed to help ophthalmology residents; it could be beneficial for trained ophthalmologists to maintain or practice their skills.
Nevus of Ota, also known as oculodermal melanosis, is a rare dermal melanosis characterized by pigmentation of the sclera and facial skin in the distribution of ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal nerve. Nevus of Ito is a dermal melanosis involving the shoulder and upper arm area. Nevus of Ota and Nevus of Ito rarely occur together. We present a case of bilateral Nevus of Ota with unilateral Nevus of Ito and a review of similar case reports in literature.
MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 87 eye-care centres belonging to the Aravind Eye Care System in the states of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry in south India: (i) six were tertiary eye care hospitals equipped to cater for the entire spectrum of eye-care services; (ii) six were secondary eye-care hospitals Objective To study the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on outpatient visits to eye care facilities in south India.Methods We used data on 7.69 million outpatient visits to primary (i.e.vision centres), secondary and tertiary Aravind Eye Care System's centres between January 2019 and June 2021.We compared outpatient numbers and outpatients' age and sex between the pandemic period and the pre-pandemic period in 2019 for all centres, whereas vision and ophthalmic assessments were compared for vision centres only.Findings During the first wave, the number of outpatient visits at tertiary, secondary and vison centres was 39% (647 968/1 656 296), 60% (170 934/283 176) and 73% (180 502/246 282) respectively, of 2019 levels.During the second wave, outpatient visits at tertiary, secondary and vision centres were 54% (385 092/710 949), 73% (88 383/121 739) and 79% (121 993/154 007), respectively, of 2019 levels.The proportion of outpatients who were female or younger than 20 years or older than 60 years was significantly lower during the first and second waves than in 2019 (P < 0.0001 for all).The proportion of outpatients whose worse eye vision was poorer than 5/60 or who required referral was significantly higher (P < 0.0001 for both).Conclusion Restrictive measurements led to declines in outpatient visits, however the decline was less at secondary and vision centres than at tertiary centres.Easy access to specialized ophthalmic care via telemedicine and the relative proximity of these centres to communities helped reduce barriers to access.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic came with many new challenges that forced personal and professional lifestyle modifications. Medical facilities were in scarcity against this new unknown enemy and were challenged with the overloaded patient flow, scarcity of healthcare staff, and evolving treatment modalities with a better understanding of the virus each day. Ophthalmology as a "branch of medicine" suffered challenges initially because of a lack of guidelines for patient management, close working distance during routine examinations, and halt of major surgeries, including cataracts. Pediatric ophthalmology had major implications, as reduced outpatient visits would mean deeper amblyopia, and changed lifestyles, including online classes and home refinement, predisposing children to myopia, digital eye strain, and worsening of strabismus. COVID-19 also unveiled underlying accommodation and convergence anomalies that predisposed pediatric and adolescent patients to an increased prevalence of headache and acute onset esotropia. Teleophthalmology and other innovative solutions, including the use of prism glasses, safe slit-lamp shields, alternative ways of school screening with the use of photoscreeners, performing retinoscopy only when needed, and using autorefractors were among the few guidelines or modifications adopted which helped in the efficient and safe management of pediatric patients. Many pediatric ophthalmologists also suffered in terms of financial constraints due to loss of salary or even closure of private practices. School screening and retinopathy of prematurity screening suffered a great setback and costed a lot of vision years, data of which remains under-reported. Important implications and learnings from the pandemic to mitigate future similar situations include using teleophthalmology and virtual platforms for the triage of patients, managing non-emergency conditions without physical consultations, and utilizing home-based vision assessment techniques customized for different age groups. Though this pandemic had a lot of negative implications, the innovations, modifications, and other important learnings helped pediatric ophthalmologists in navigating safely. Keywords: pediatric ophthalmology, COVID-19, digital eye strain, myopia, amblyopia
Duane Retraction Syndrome (DRS) is a rare congenital disorder of ocular motility typically characterized by a triad of variable duction limitation, globe retraction, and palpebral fissure narrowing on adduction. It is associated with various ocular and nonocular anomalies. We report a case of a 7-year-old boy with a rare association of unilateral type 1 DRS and retinitis pigmentosa. Retinal dystrophies are rarely associated with DRS, and the nature of the relationship between them remains unclear. However, this case report emphasizes the need for close monitoring and long-term follow-up of patients with DRS for retinal dystrophies.
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