Comparative test by double blind method were conducted by administering 2 g of CPZ and 4 g of CEZ as a control per day for comparing the actions of both the medicines in order to ascertain the efficacy and safety of CPZ against respiratory tract infection.Clinical examination indicated the effectiveness of CPZ in 75.2% of the cases, while CEZ proved effective in 56.5% of the cases, and showed that CPZ was significantly advantageous over CEZ.CPZ showed a signifficant advantage over CEZ against the individual diseases. In the cases involving bacterial pneumonia, CPZ was effective in 86.2% of the cases, while CEZ was effective in 64.4% and in the cases involving chronic respiratory tract infection, CPZ showed an efficacy of 63.6%, while CEZ was effective in 40.0% of the cases.As regards the bacteriological effects of the medicines, CPZ showed a significantly high efficacy in Gram-negative bacteria. CPZ was effective in 70.6% of the cases, while CEZ was effective in 54.5%, even though Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and H. influenzae having no or very little sensitivity to CEZ were excluded from consideration.No significant difference was observed between the two medicines in the manifestation of any side effect or abnormality in laboratory findings. All of such side effects and abnormalities that were observed were merely of the type usually observed with medicines composed of β-lactam.The utility of CPZ was significantly superior to that of CEZ.In view of the foregoing results, CPZ would be sufficient for effective treatment of respiratory tract infection.
The therapeutic effectiveness and side effects of CLDM-P were investigated in a series of double blind studies using LCM as control in the treatment of acute pneumonia. These studies were conducted in 25 institutions throughout the country on 119 cases. Twenty-five (25) out of these cases were excepted from evaluation and 94 cases were evaluated. A dose of 600 mg of the compounds were dissolved in 200-300 ml of aqueous sugar solution or normal saline solution and given by drip infusion over an hour twice a day with a 12 hours interval.Evaluation was made on 50 patients treated with CLDM-P and 44 with LCM. General improvement was shown in 88.0% of the CLDM-P group and 93.2% of the LCM group; both drugs proved highly effective, with no significant difference between them.As for symptoms or clinical findings, the CLDM-P group showed significantly better improvement or improving tendency than the other in some evaluation items, probably because CLDM has higher activity than LCM. No significant difference was noted between two treatment groups in the incidences of side effects and abnormal laboratory values. It may be concluded that CLDM-P is effective in treating acute pneumonia.
The efficacy and safety of cefotaxime (CTX, HR 756) and cefazolin (CEZ) were objectively evaluated in a well-controlled study of respiratory tract infections at 38 institutions in Japan. Patients with pneumonia or chronic respiratory tract infections were given intravenous drip infusions of either CTX or CEZ, randomly assigned, at 4 g per day in two divided doses for, in principle, 14 days. The therapeutic efficacy, adverse reactions, and usefulness of the drugs were evaluated by intergroup comparison.The following results were obtained:1.There was no statistically significant intergroup difference in therapeutic efficacy.2.Among patients in which the causative organisms were able to be determined, the bacteriological efficacy of CTX, in terms of eradication rate, was significantly superiorto that of CEZ.3.There was no significant intergroup difference in the incidence of side effects4.There was no significant intergroup difference in usefulness.
Transseptal puncture (TSP) has become a common approach in catheter ablation of arrhythmia originating from the left atrium. In paediatric patients, however, TSP can be a challenge due to narrower access vessels and small left atrial size, and the safety of TSP in smaller children is yet to be understood. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the feasibility and safety of TSP in children weighing below 30 kg.Among 655 paediatric patients who underwent catheter ablation of arrhythmia between July 2009 and April 2015, 43 cases having structurally normal hearts, weighing <30 kg and requiring TSP were included in the study. Age, height, body weight, diagnosis, and complications during TSP and catheter ablation were evaluated. The median age, height, and body weight (range) were 7.0 years (0.3-11.1), 116.8 cm (54.0-138.4 cm) and 21.5 kg (4.3-29.6 kg), respectively. Diagnosis included manifest (n = 27; 62.8%) and concealed accessory pathway (n = 14; 32.6%) and atrial tachycardia (n = 2; 4.6%). In 10 cases (23.2%), TSP using radiofrequency energy was performed. None of the patients had major complications. Pericardial effusion was recorded as a minor complication in one patient (2.3%).TSP was feasible, safe, and of low risk of complications in children weighing <30 kg.
Abstract Shrinkage cracks in clayey paddy fields are major pathways for the drainage of excess water through tile drainage. In this study, the factors that affect the cracking pattern were investigated in a paddy field where paddy-rice was planted in rows. The factors examined included 1) the existence of transpiration, 2) row spacing, and 3) the puddling intensity. The experiment was designed according to the Taguchi method of experimental design. Shrinkage cracks were induced by drying the field after the release of the ponding water in mid-summer. The cracking patterns between the rows were recorded on transparent sheets, and their geometry was quantified using the crack direction index (CDI), which represents the direction of cracks relative to the rows of rice, as well as the equivalent width (EW) and compactness (CP) which represent the average width of the cracks and the complexity of the cracking patterns, respectively. Variations in the degree of desiccation affected the cracking patterns; these effects were taken into account in the analyses. ANOVA was performed on the variables CDI, EW, and CP, and the following conclusions were drawn: 1) transpiration from the crops planted in rows induces significant straight cracks along the rows; 2) row spacing exerts a significant effect on the EW of cracks, for example, when the spacing doubled from 30 cm (the conventional spacing in Japan), the cleavage became more concentrated and the cracks became wider; 3) repeated puddling also induces wider straight cracks along the rows and makes the cracking patterns simpler.
The clinical effectiveness and side effects of TMS-19-Q (TMS) in the patients with respiratory tract infections, mainly mild bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia and PAP, were compared with those of midecamycin (MDM) by means of double-blind controled stiudy. TMS or MDM was orally administered 600 or 1200mg per day respectively. Total 185 cases (94 in TMS and 91 in MDM) were analyzed and the results obtained were as follows:Overall clinical efficacy ratings of TMS and MDM groups were 84.4% and 90.6% in pneumonia, and 85.7% and 78.9% in airway tract infections. Bacteria isolated and defined as the pathogen were 28 strains mainly consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.The side effects were observed 1.1% in TMS group and 4.6% in MDM group, and abnormal changes of laboratory findings were noted 15.2% in TMS and 13.2% in MDM.In respect to clinical effectiveness and side effects, statistical analysis showed that the data on both drugs were not significantly different.From these results, daily 600mg dosage of TMS was as useful as daily 1200mg dosage of MDM in the treatment for mild and moderate respiratory tract infections.
