Development of a bioartificial glomerulus, a hemofilter in which the inner surface of hollow fibers is endothelialized, requires expandable, nonimmunogenic, antithrombogenic, and highly permeable endothelial cells. We used human umbilical cord blood CD133(+) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to evaluate the feasibility of application of EPCs for bioartificial glomerulus. Numbers of adhered CD133(+) EPCs (adhered EPCs) was approximately 25 to 30 times as great in the expansion culture group as in the non-expansion group. Adhered EPCs had endothelial cell features, including the expression of CD31, Kinase domain region, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial-cadherin, positive for Ulex europeus agglutinin I staining, and up-take of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Adhered EPCs secreted 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1alpha) identically to that secreted by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cells also expressed messenger RNA for phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, prostaglandin I(2) synthase, tissue plasminogen activator, and thrombomodulin (TM). TM protein in adhered EPCs properly activated protein C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the suppression of platelet adhesion and aggregation on the surface of cell monolayer. Adhered EPCs treated with 50 microg/mL of cytochalasin B induced a larger diameter and a greater number of fenestrae, subsequently producing significantly more ultrafiltration than the non-treated cell. These results suggest that CD133(+) EPCs would potentially be applicable in bioartificial glomerulus.
Although a previous study reported favorable durability of Eluvia (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Mass), a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent (PB-PES), stent thrombosis has been reported in 1.7% of cases.1 Calcified lesions are considered risk factors for stent thrombosis.2 Nodular calcification occasionally progresses beyond the stent strut, causing restenosis and stent thrombosis.3
Esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is one of the most invasive gastrointestinal surgeries. In 1996, we introduced video-assisted thoracic surgery for esophageal cancer (VATS-E) to reduce surgical stress. In 2010, we started employing artificial pneumothorax (AP) using carbon dioxide gas in VATS-E to further reduce surgical stress. In this study, we evaluated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in pleural cavity lavage fluid (PLF) of patients undergoing VATS-E with or without AP, and examined the effect of AP on VATS-E-induced stress. This non-randomized study included patients who underwent VATS-E with or without AP at Showa University Hospital between 2009 and 2013 and from whom PLF could be collected. IL-6 concentrations in PLF were examined before and after the thoracic part of the operation. We compared IL-6 variation, defined as the difference between IL-6 concentrations in PLF before and after the thoracic part of the operation, between patients for whom AP was used and those for whom it was not used. A total of 52 patients were included in the study; 26 underwent VATS-E with AP (group AP), and 26 underwent VATS-E without AP (group NP). IL-6 concentrations in PLF were significantly elevated immediately after the thoracic part of the operation in both groups. IL-6 variation in PLF correlated with both thoracic operative time and blood loss, which were considered practical parameters of surgical stress, and was significantly lower in group AP than in group NP. In conclusion, IL-6 variation in PLF is a useful and sensitive maker of surgical stress during VATS-E. VATS-E with AP is less invasive than VATS-E without AP because AP lowers the perioperative systemic inflammatory response to thoracic surgery.
Comparative test by double blind method were conducted by administering 2 g of CPZ and 4 g of CEZ as a control per day for comparing the actions of both the medicines in order to ascertain the efficacy and safety of CPZ against respiratory tract infection.Clinical examination indicated the effectiveness of CPZ in 75.2% of the cases, while CEZ proved effective in 56.5% of the cases, and showed that CPZ was significantly advantageous over CEZ.CPZ showed a signifficant advantage over CEZ against the individual diseases. In the cases involving bacterial pneumonia, CPZ was effective in 86.2% of the cases, while CEZ was effective in 64.4% and in the cases involving chronic respiratory tract infection, CPZ showed an efficacy of 63.6%, while CEZ was effective in 40.0% of the cases.As regards the bacteriological effects of the medicines, CPZ showed a significantly high efficacy in Gram-negative bacteria. CPZ was effective in 70.6% of the cases, while CEZ was effective in 54.5%, even though Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and H. influenzae having no or very little sensitivity to CEZ were excluded from consideration.No significant difference was observed between the two medicines in the manifestation of any side effect or abnormality in laboratory findings. All of such side effects and abnormalities that were observed were merely of the type usually observed with medicines composed of β-lactam.The utility of CPZ was significantly superior to that of CEZ.In view of the foregoing results, CPZ would be sufficient for effective treatment of respiratory tract infection.
Los viajeros que visitan las ciudades latinoamericanas, no podrían dejar pasar inadvertido su carácter planificado y uniforme: la plaza central cuadrada, la iglesia y el ayuntamiento que dan a ella, las calles rectas y perpendicularmente cruzadas, las manzanas divididas en partes iguales, etcétera. Los que pondrían los pies en las comunidades rurales con una fuerte presencia indígena, se darían cuenta de que la misma estructura urbanística se reproduce en ellas. Es impresionante encontrar, en medio de los valles empinados de la sierra central del Perú o de las pampas anegadizas de las tierras bajas de Bolivia, un pequeño centro urbano ordenado en forma de damero, el que parecería ser el único baluarte de la civilización contra el salvajismo que lo rodea y engloba (Figura 1). De hecho, estas comunidades rurales cuentan con las organizaciones civiles y eclesiásticas idénticas a las de las ciudades y los comuneros practican la misma forma de autogobierno y cristianismo. Estas urbes en miniatura son una herencia directa o indirecta de una política colonial que este libro pretende examinar.
PREFASEThe principle of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow lies in the monophasic mitosis in the erythropoietic system and in the diphasic mitosis in the leucopoietic system, as discussed in my previous reports1-6).Excluding pathogenetic factors in infectious diseases, there are many physico-chemical factors which cause leucocytosis and leucopenia.These factors are as follows :
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