Blunt pancreatic trauma is rare, and the reported mortality is high. The true outcomes in isolated pancreas trauma are not known, and the optimal management according to injury severity is controversial. The present study evaluated the incidence, outcomes, and optimal management of isolated blunt pancreatic injuries.National Trauma Data Bank study, including patients with blunt pancreatic trauma. Patients with major associated injuries or other severe intra-abdominal injuries were excluded. Patients' demographics, vital signs on admission, Abbreviated Injury Scale for each body area, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and therapeutic modality were extracted. Mortality and hospital length of stay were stratified according to the severity of pancreatic injury and therapeutic modality.There were 388,137 patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Overall, 12,112 patients (3.1%) sustained pancreatic injury. Isolated pancreatic injury occurred in 2,528 (0.7%) of all abdominal injuries or 20.9% of pancreatic injuries. Most injuries were low-grade Organ Injury Scale ((OIS) score of 2, 82.7%) with only a small percentage of higher-grade injuries (OIS score of 3, 7.9%; OIS score of 4, 3.9%; and OIS score of 5, 5.5%). Overall, most patients (74.1%) were managed nonoperatively. Nonoperative management was selected in 80.5% of pancreas OIS score of 2, 48.5% of OIS score of 3, and 40.9% of OIS scores of 4 to 5. The overall mortality rate was 2.4%, while in severe pancreatic trauma it was 3.0%. In minor pancreatic trauma, nonoperative management was associated with lower mortality and shorter hospital length of stay than operative management. However, in the group of patients with severe pancreatic trauma (OIS scores, 4-5) nonoperative management was associated with higher mortality and longer hospital stay than definitive operative management of the pancreas.The mortality in isolated pancreatic trauma is low, even in severe injuries. Nonoperative management of minor pancreatic injuries is associated with lower mortality and shorter hospital stay than operative management. However, in severe trauma, nonoperative management is associated with higher mortality and longer hospital stay than operative management.Prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are assumed to be at increased risk of endometrial cancer (EC), albeit of a more differentiated type with better prognosis than in normal women. This study was designed to test these assumptions, as evidence for them is lacking. METHODS: The prevalence of polycystic ovaries (PCO), as a marker of PCOS, was investigated in ovarian sections from 128 women with EC and 83 with benign gynaecological conditions. The expression of the prognostic markers p53, Ki67, Bcl2 and cyclin D1 was also investigated by immunohistochemistry in endometrial tumours from 11 women with PCO and 16 with normal ovaries. RESULTS: Overall, PCO were similarly prevalent in women with EC (8.6%) and benign controls (8.4%); however, in women aged <50 years, PCO were more prevalent in women with EC (62.5 versus 27.3%, P = 0.033). Cyclin D1-expressing endometrial tumours tended to be more prevalent in women with PCO compared to normal ovaries (36.4 versus 6.25%, respectively, P = 0.071). Bcl2-, p53- and Ki67-expressing tumours were similarly prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: The association between PCOS and EC appears confined to premenopausal women. The tendency for cyclin D1-expressing endometrial tumours to be more prevalent in women with PCO challenges the assumption that EC prognosis is improved in women with PCOS.
Purpose To establish the performance of screening with serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), interpreted using the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA), and transvaginal sonography (TVS) for women at high risk of ovarian cancer (OC) or fallopian tube cancer (FTC). Patients and Methods Women whose estimated lifetime risk of OC/FTC was ≥ 10% were recruited at 42 centers in the United Kingdom and underwent ROCA screening every 4 months. TVS occurred annually if ROCA results were normal or within 2 months of an abnormal ROCA result. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) was encouraged throughout the study. Participants were observed via cancer registries, questionnaires, and notification by centers. Performance was calculated after censoring 365 days after prior screen, with modeling of occult cancers detected at RRSO. Results Between June 14, 2007, and May 15, 2012, 4,348 women underwent 13,728 women-years of screening. The median follow-up time was 4.8 years. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with invasive OC/FTC within 1 year of prior screening (13 diagnoses were screen-detected and six were occult at RRSO). No symptomatic interval cancers occurred. Ten (52.6%) of the total 19 diagnoses were stage I to II OC/FTC (CI, 28.9% to 75.6%). Of the 13 screen-detected cancers, five (38.5%) were stage I to II (CI, 13.9% to 68.4%). Of the six occult cancers, five (83.3%) were stage I to II (CI, 35.9% to 99.6%). Modeled sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for OC/FTC detection within 1 year were 94.7% (CI, 74.0% to 99.9%), 10.8% (6.5% to 16.5%), and 100% (CI, 100% to 100%), respectively. Seven (36.8%) of the 19 cancers diagnosed < 1 year after prior screen were stage IIIb to IV (CI, 16.3% to 61.6%) compared with 17 (94.4%) of 18 cancers diagnosed > 1 year after screening ended (CI, 72.7% to 99.9%; P < .001). Eighteen (94.8%) of 19 cancers diagnosed < 1 year after prior screen had zero residual disease (with lower surgical complexity, P = .16) (CI, 74.0% to 99.9%) compared with 13 (72.2%) of 18 cancers subsequently diagnosed (CI, 46.5% to 90.3%; P = .09). Conclusion ROCA-based screening is an option for women at high risk of OC/FTC who defer or decline RRSO, given its high sensitivity and significant stage shift. However, it remains unknown whether this strategy would improve survival in screened high-risk women.
Background Topical corticosteroids have become the treatment of choice for genital lichen sclerosus (LS) and are believed to be required for long‐term relief of symptoms. Objectives To compare vulval LS that had been treated with topical corticosteroids, vulval LS that had not received topical corticosteroids, and histologically normal vulval skin. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to look for Ki67 expression and abnormal p53 expression. Results We found a statistically significant difference for p53 overexpression, with increased levels seen when comparing corticosteroid‐treated LS with normal genital skin (P = 0·011). Ki67 expression was also significantly higher in the corticosteroid‐treated group compared with normal genital skin (P = 0·001), and increased levels were also found in the treated group compared with untreated LS (P = 0·05). Conclusions Our data suggest that topical corticosteroids have an effect on cell cycle proteins in genital skin and, in particular, genital skin with LS changes.
Injuries after skiing and snowboarding accidents lead to an estimated 7,000 hospital admissions annually and present a significant burden to the health care system. The epidemiology, injury patterns, hospital resource utilization, and outcomes associated with these severe injuries need further characterization.The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for the period 2007 to 2014 for admissions with Injury Severity Score > 15 and International Classification of Diseases Codes-9th Revision codes 885.3 (fall from skis, n = 1,353) and 885.4 (fall from snowboard, n = 1,216). Demographics, emergency department data, diagnosis and procedure codes, and outcomes were abstracted from the database.Severe (Injury Severity Score > 15) ski-associated and snowboard-associated injuries differed with respect to age distribution (median age, 38; interquartile range, 19-59 for skiers and median age, 20; interquartile range, 16-25 for snowboarders; p < 0.001) and sex (78.9% and 86.4% males, respectively, p < 0.001). Traumatic brain injury was common for both sports (56.8% of skiers vs. 46.6% of snowboarders, p < 0.001). Injuries to the spine (28.9%), chest (37.6%), and abdomen (35.0%) were also common. Eighty percent of patients used emergency medical services (50% ambulance, 30% helicopter) with a median emergency medical services transport time of 84 minutes. 50.8% of patients required interhospital transport. 43.2% of injuries required surgical intervention (21.3% orthopedic, 12.5% neurosurgical, 10.5% thoracic, 7.8% abdominal). Median hospital length of stay was 5.0 days. 60.0% of patients required intensive care unit admission with median intensive care unit length of stay 3.0 days. Overall mortality was 4.0% for skiers and 1.9% for snowboarders.Severe injuries after ski and snowboard accidents are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Differences in injury patterns, risk factors for severe injury, and resource utilization require further study. Increased resource allocation to alpine trauma systems is warranted.Prognostic/epidemiologic, level III.
'%3e%3cpath fill='%23012169' d='M0 0v30h60V0z'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='6' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='4' d='m0 0 60 30m0-30L0 30' clip-path='url(%23b)'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='10' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3cpath stroke='%23C8102E' stroke-width='6' d='M30 0v30M0 15h60'/%3e%3c/g%3e%3c/svg%3e)