During the process of human childbirth, obstetric forceps delivery can be a justified alternative to emergency Caesarean section when normal vaginal delivery proves difficult or impossible. Currently, training of forceps interventions is mainly done on real patients which poses a risk. This paper describes a pilot project on the simulation of training of obstetric forceps delivery, using Virtual Reality technology. We first give a brief historical review of the concept of 'birth simulation' and describe the current implementation of the interface. Then we report a number of experiments, conducted to test the feasibility of a real-time mechanical contact model to describe the interaction between the forceps and fetal head, eventually to be interfaced with a multi-purpose haptic feedback device. It is concluded that an explicit dynamic model to calculate the deformation of the main fetal skull bones only, or a quasi-static model to calculate the deformation of the fetal head in its entirety, can reach real-time performance.
This paper presents a method for rendering radially distorted virtual scenes in real-time using the programmable fragment shader commonly found in many main stream graphics hardware. We show that by using the pixel buffer and the fragment shader, it is possible to augment the endoscopic display with distorted virtual images.
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