Coffee waste can be reused as matrices for enzyme immobilization, as it contains various organic compounds able to adsorb catalytic proteins. In this study, spent coffee grounds were used as a support in the immobilization process in their native form and after being pretreated with hexane, ethanol, and sulfuric acid solution, respectively. Microbial lipases from Aspergillus oryzae, Thermomyces lanuginosus, and Rhizomucor miehei were adsorbed on the carrier, and as a reference, the abovementioned lipases were also immobilized on a synthetic matrix - Lewatit VP OC 1600. The research investigated the impact of the purification step on the immobilization process and the full characteristics of the obtained biocatalysts. The hydrolytic and synthetic activities of the immobilized enzyme preparations were tested, as well as substrate specificity, recovery, and temperature and pH activity profiles. SEM and FTIR analyses were also performed. The results showed that the chemical composition of coffee waste influenced the activity of the obtained biocatalysts, and the lack of hemicellulose caused a reduction in lipolytic activity. The study reveals that spent coffee grounds can be a potential support for enzyme immobilization, and lipases adsorbed on them have improved properties such as hydrolytic or synthetic activity, and stability in pH.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide. The associated morbidity and mortality have been on the increase while available therapies for its treatment have not been totally effective. The most common treatment, chemotherapy, sometimes has dangerous side effects because of non-specific targeting, in addition to poor therapeutic indices, and high dose requirements. Consequently, agents with anticancer effects are being sought that can reduce the side effects induced by chemotherapy while increasing its cytotoxicity to cancer cells. This is possible using natural compounds that are safe and biologically active. There are many reports on plant polysaccharides due to their bioactive and anticancer properties. The use of plant polysaccharide together with a conventional cytotoxic drug may offer wide benefits in cancer therapy, producing synergistic effects, thereby reducing drug dose and, so, its associated side effects. In this review, we highlight an overview of the use of plant polysaccharides and chemotherapeutic drugs in breast cancer preclinical studies, including their mechanisms of anticancer activities. The findings emphasize the potential of plant polysaccharides to improve chemotherapeutic outcomes in breast cancer, paving the way for more effective and safer treatment strategies.
Cancer diseases have been one of the biggest health threats for the last two decades. Approximately 9% of all diagnosed cancers are skin cancers, including melanoma and non-melanoma. In all cancer cases, early diagnosis is essential to achieve efficient treatment. New solutions and advanced techniques for rapid diagnosis are constantly being sought. Aptamers are single-stranded RNA or DNA synthetic sequences or peptides, which offer novel possibilities to this area of research by specifically binding selected molecules, the so-called cancer biomarkers. Nowadays, they are widely used as diagnostic probes in imaging and targeted therapy. In this review, we have summarized the recently made advances in diagnostics and treatment of skin cancers, which have been achieved by combining aptamers with basic or modern technologies.
Due to the complex structure and important functions of the skin, it is an interesting research model for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. In the European Union, there has been a total ban on testing cosmetic products and their ingredients on animals. In the case of medicine and pharmaceuticals, this possibility is also constantly limited. In accordance with the 3Rs principle, it is becoming more and more common to test individual compounds as well as entire formulations on artificially created models. The cheapest and most widely used are the 2D models, which consist of a cell monolayer but do not reflect the real interactions between the cells in the tissue. Although the commercially available 3D models provide a better representation of the tissue, they are not used on a large scale. This is because they are expensive, the waiting time is quite long, and the available models are frequently limited to only those typically used. In order to move the conducted research to a higher level, we have optimized the procedures of various 3D skin model preparations. The described procedures are cheap and simple to prepare as they can be applied in numerous laboratories and by researchers with different experiences in cell culture.
Due to the complex structure and important functions of the skin, it is an interesting research model for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. In the European Union, there has been a total ban on testing cosmetic products and their ingredients on animals. In the case of medicine and pharmaceuticals, this possibility is also constantly limited. In accordance with the 3Rs principle, it is becoming more and more common to test individual compounds as well as entire formulations on artificially created models. The cheapest and most widely used are the 2D models, which consist of a cell monolayer but do not reflect the real interactions between the cells in the tissue. Although the commercially available 3D models provide a better representation of the tissue, they are not used on a large scale. This is because they are expensive, the waiting time is quite long, and the available models are frequently limited to only those typically used. In order to move the conducted research to a higher level, we have optimized the procedures of various 3D skin model preparations. The described procedures are cheap and simple to prepare as they can be applied in numerous laboratories and by researchers with different experiences in cell culture.