Abstract Electrification of delivery vehicles will play an important role in decarbonizing the transportation sector. As electricity‐generating technologies vary regionally and temporally, where electric vehicles are deployed and when they are charged will determine the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cost consequences of delivery vehicle electrification. We couple a vehicle charging model with a dataset that provides hourly projections of marginal electricity cost and marginal emissions factors across 134 electricity balancing areas in the United States. We calculate the cost and emissions of charging an electric delivery vehicle over a 10‐year service life (2021–2030) at different times of day and in different locations. Using a multiobjective optimization framework, we explore two potential goals—minimizing GHG emissions and minimizing cost—and investigate the tradeoffs between those goals. We show emissions ranging from 136 to 485 g CO 2 /mile, and costs ranging from 0.79 to 3.18 cents/mile depending on location and optimization weighting. We demonstrate the impact of charge time‐of‐day optimization frequency, showing emissions reductions of 19–62% by choosing the optimal charging time every day, rather than annually. We show that the benefits of electrification are reduced when potential charge times are constrained (e.g., if charging must take place overnight), and we calculate the carbon price needed to align cost‐optimized and emissions‐optimized charge timing in different regions. Our results highlight the opportunity to reduce cost and emissions by strategically charging at certain times of day and show the importance of accounting for spatial and temporal variability when developing effective carbon‐reduction strategies.
Unlike some of their continental counterparts, there is no evidence to suggest that the monarchy in Britain were great art collectors, at least until the seventeenth century. Certainly, Henry II (12071272) had a collection o f pictures, plate and relics. Equally the Renaissance and its aftermath influenced the royal households of Britain. Poetry and music flourished under the patronage of Henry VIII (1491-1547), who also appointed the country's only King's Antiquary, John Leyland, to describe and list material o f antiquarian interest in England and Wales. But it was not until the reign of Charles I (1600-1649) that the first royal collection of signifi cance was established in England.
The production of maple syrup from sap requires extensive processing, which has traditionally led to significant energy inputs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per gallon produced. Technology advancements, e.g., vacuum tubing sap collection systems, reverse osmosis (RO), and electric evaporators have changed the way syrup is produced, resulting in widespread variability in processing equipment and sugar-making operational decisions. This paper evaluates these complex operations through a cradle-to-retail gate carbon footprinting model and by capturing variability in a series of producer archetypes. By isolating energy and emissions impacts, we find that implementing RO has the largest reduction effect on energy (54–77%) and emissions (57–82%), depending on both production size and evaporator fuel (wood, fuel-oil, or electricity). Results also demonstrate the effect of production scale on cumulative energy demand (CED) and emissions per gallon of syrup, with small producers ranging from 333–1,425 MJ/gal and 27–118 kg CO2e/gal (61–90% biogenic on-site) for wood-fired operations and 18–65 kg CO2e/gal for oil-fired operations. Large producers ranged from 90–131 MJ and 3.5–7 kg CO2e/gal (electricity to oil-fired operations). Producers of all scales with the highest rates of electrification in their operations have the lowest GHG emissions and energy use per gallon of syrup produced.
The following note is dedicated to Seton Lloyd, in admiration and affection, and with happy memories of the Red Tower and the Sponge Beach before the motels came. On the ridge above what was, until mid-1971, Robert College of Istanbul and is now the Bosphorus University, is a little cemetery containing, among others, a number of Bektashi tombs; it adjoins the site of a now vanished Bektashi tekke and is locally known as Evliyalar , ‘The Saints’. J. Kingsley Birge mentions and illustrates both cemetery and tekke in his The Bektashi Order of Dervishes . His illustration No. 23 “is of the plot where, according to tradition, Janissary-Bektashi skirmishers were buried after being killed in a raid just prior to the capture of Constantinople in 1453.” There is a marker on the plot, inscribed hādhā maqām shuhadā' sana 855 , “This is the place of those who fell in 855/1451–2.”