Please see page 217 for the article by Toledo et al. ( doi:10.1016/j.euje.2005.07.012 ) to which this editorial pertains.
Quantification of functional and perfusion abnormalities with stress imaging techniques is an important challenge in the assessment of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). The standard technique for evaluation of CAD with echocardiography relies upon subjective observation of wall motion abnormalities during exercise or pharmacologic stress, with a semi-quantitative approach to evaluate the extent of functional abnormalities using a 16-segment or 3 coronary arterial territorial distribution model.1,2 This approach has permitted the diagnosis of CAD with moderate sensitivity and moderate-to-high specificity. However, the extent of CAD has been consistently underestimated with this method and the sensitivity remains modest particularly in patients with single vessel CAD.3 Furthermore, hard cardiac events are still observed in around 1% annually among patients with a normal wall motion study.4–7
Real time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCI) has been shown to be a safe and feasible …
Background: A significant percentage of pharmacologic stress echocardiograms produce suboptimal images despite the use of second harmonic imaging. Intravenous continuous infusion of myocardial ultrasound contrast may enhance endocardial border delineation during dobutamine‐atropine stress echocardiography (DASE), improving wall‐motion analysis. Patients and Methods: We prospectively studied 68 patients (41 males and 27 females), mean age 58 years, with DASE during intravenous infusion of contrast using second harmonic imaging. Dobutamine was infused in scalar doses of 5 μ g/kg/min to 40 μ g/kg/min, and atropine was administered in doses of up to 1 mg. We diluted 0.1 mL of perfluorocarbon‐exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles into 80 mL of saline solution, which was used for continuous intravenous infusion. Blinded reviewers used a 16‐segment model at rest and peak DASE to analyze segmental wall delineation in two sets of images for each patient, with and without contrast. An endocardial delineation score of 0–3 (nondelineated to excellent delineation) was given to each segment. An endocardial delineation score index (EDSI), the number of endocardial delineation scores for each set of images divided by 16, was created. Results: The analysis of the mean EDSI for the 2176 segments was 1.46 (± 0.43) at rest and 1.30 (± 0.48) at peak for noncontrast images and 2.22 (± 0.52) and 2.29 (± 0.52) for contrast images. Complete left ventricle opacification was obtained in all patients, with a mean dose of 4 mL/min, although in 15 (22%) patients, signs of apical bubble destruction occurred. There were 1768 (81%) of 2176 segments delineated without contrast enhancement and 2057 (95%) of 2176 with enhancement ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: Continuous infusion of myocardial ultrasound contrast improves endocardial border delineation using second harmonic imaging in patients undergoing DASE.
Introduction: Prior studies suggest that right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing has deleterious effects. Whether the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is a more optimal site for permanent pacing in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) has not been established. Methods and Results: We conducted a randomized, cross‐over trial to determine whether quality of life (QOL) is better after 3 months of RVOT than RVA pacing in 103 pacemaker recipients with CHF, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction ≤ 40%), and chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). An additional aim was to compare dual‐site (RVOT + RVA, 31‐ms delay) with single‐site RVA and RVOT pacing. QRS duration was shorter during RVOT (167 ± 45 ms) and dual‐site (149 ± 19 ms) than RVA pacing (180 ± 58 ms, P < 0.0001). At 6 months, the RVOT group had higher (P = 0.01) role‐emotional QOL subscale scores than the RVA group. At 9 months, there were no significant differences in QOL scores between RVOT and RVA groups. Comparing RVOT to RVA pacing within the same patient, mental health subscale scores were better (P = 0.03) during RVOT pacing. After 9 months of follow‐up, LVEF was higher (P = 0.04) in those assigned to RVA rather than RVOT pacing between months 6 and 9. After 3 months of dual‐site RV pacing, physical functioning was worse (P = 0.04) than during RVA pacing, mental health was worse (P = 0.02) than during RVOT pacing, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was slightly better (P = 0.03) than during RVOT pacing. There were no other significant differences between RVA, RVOT and dual‐site RV pacing in QOL scores, NYHA class, distance walked in 6 minutes, LV ejection fraction, or mitral regurgitation. Conclusion: In patients with CHF, LV dysfunction, and chronic AF, RVOT and dual‐site RV pacing shorten QRS duration but after 3 months do not consistently improve QOL or other clinical outcomes compared with RVA pacing. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 1180‐1186, November 2003)