Abstract We present MMORF—FSL’s MultiMOdal Registration Framework—a newly released nonlinear image registration tool designed primarily for application to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the brain. MMORF is capable of simultaneously optimising both displacement and rotational transformations within a single registration framework by leveraging rich information from multiple scalar and tensor modalities. The regularisation employed in MMORF promotes local rigidity in the deformation, and we have previously demonstrated how this effectively controls both shape and size distortion, leading to more biologically plausible warps. The performance of MMORF is benchmarked against three established nonlinear registration methods—FNIRT, ANTs, and DR-TAMAS—across four domains: FreeSurfer label overlap, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) similarity, task-fMRI cluster mass, and distortion. The evaluation is based on 100 unrelated subjects from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset registered to the Oxford-MultiModal-1 (OMM-1) multimodal template via either the T1w contrast alone or in combination with a DTI/DTI-derived contrast. Results show that MMORF is the most consistently high-performing method across all domains—both in terms of accuracy and levels of distortion. MMORF is available as part of FSL, and its inputs and outputs are fully compatible with existing workflows. We believe that MMORF will be a valuable tool for the neuroimaging community, regardless of the domain of any downstream analysis, providing state-of-the-art registration performance that integrates into the rich and widely adopted suite of analysis tools in FSL.
Detailed facies analysis is presented for the Nanushuk Formation in outcrop in the central North Slope. Facies associations are interpreted and described. Simplified measured sections are presented along with detailed segments of measured sections to illustrate facies and facies association stacking patterns.
SUBTITLE: ALPA TELLS THE FAA THAT THE AGENCY'S RECENT INTERPRETATION OF PILOTS' RESPONSIBILITY TO FOLLOW AN ATC CLEARANCE -- EVEN IF A CONTROLLER FAILS TO CATCH A READBACK ERROR -- IS SERIOUSLY FLAWED AND UNFAIR.
Abstract We have previously identified a network of higher-order brain regions particularly vulnerable to the ageing process, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. However, it remains unknown what the genetic influences on this fragile brain network are, and whether it can be altered by the most common modifiable risk factors for dementia. Here, in ~40,000 UK Biobank participants, we first show significant genome-wide associations between this brain network and seven genetic clusters implicated in cardiovascular deaths, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and with the two antigens of the XG blood group located in the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes. We further reveal that the most deleterious modifiable risk factors for this vulnerable brain network are diabetes, nitrogen dioxide – a proxy for traffic-related air pollution – and alcohol intake frequency. The extent of these associations was uncovered by examining these modifiable risk factors in a single model to assess the unique contribution of each on the vulnerable brain network, above and beyond the dominating effects of age and sex. These results provide a comprehensive picture of the role played by genetic and modifiable risk factors on these fragile parts of the brain.
Large scale neuroimaging datasets present the possibility of providing normative distributions for a wide variety of neuroimaging markers, which would vastly improve the clinical utility of these measures. However, a major challenge is our current poor ability to integrate measures across different large-scale datasets, due to inconsistencies in imaging and non-imaging measures across the different protocols and populations. Here we explore the harmonisation of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measures across two major studies of healthy elderly populations, the Whitehall II imaging sub-study and the UK Biobank. We identify pre-processing strategies that maximise the consistency across datasets and utilise multivariate regression to characterise study sample differences contributing to differences in WMH variations across studies. We also present a parser to harmonise WMH-relevant non-imaging variables across the two datasets. We show that we can provide highly calibrated WMH measures from these datasets with: (1) the inclusion of a number of specific standardised processing steps; and (2) appropriate modelling of sample differences through the alignment of demographic, cognitive and physiological variables. These results open up a wide range of applications for the study of WMHs and other neuroimaging markers across extensive databases of clinical data.
The Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, in collaboration with the Alaska Division of Oil & Gas, is engaged in a multi-year analysis of Cook Inlet basin that began in May 2006.This program is being implemented in two phases.The focus of Phase I is the stratigraphic trap potential of Tertiary strata in upper Cook Inlet; the focus of Phase II is the reservoir and source rock potential of middle Jurassic through Maastrichtian rocks of the Peninsular terrane.The chapters in the volume represent preliminary results from fi eldwork conducted in September 2006 and May 2007 on the Kenai Peninsula.Chapter A by LePain and others presents a facies analysis of the Tyonek, Beluga, and Sterling Formations in exposures on the Kenai Lowland and between Seldovia and Coal Cove (Port Graham).This report includes detailed measured stratigraphic sections of these formations.Lateral facies changes are documented in incised valley-fi ll deposits of the Tyonek Formation between Barabara Point and Coal Cove.In this area the Tyonek Formation is limited to small paleovalleys that were eroded into older metamorphic rocks of an emergent accretionary wedge (McHugh Complex., Chugach terrane).Lateral facies changes in bluff exposures of the Beluga and Sterling Formations are also documented and used to highlight contrasting sand body geometries in these units.Includes Appendix A, pages 33-97.Chapter B by Finzel and others presents a more detailed facies analysis of the Tyonek Formation occupying a paleovalley cut into the Chugach terrane between Seldovia and Barabara points.This work documents a signifi cant change in sediment composition up-section in the valley fi ll; near the base of the valley fi ll, sediment composition refl ects derivation from local sources in the underlying Chugach terrane, whereas higher in the valley fi ll, sediment composition and textures suggest derivation from more regional sources and transport in a large drainage network.The latter part of the valley fi ll appears to represent the transition from valley-confi ned sedimentation to axial fl uvial depositional systems located basinward of the incised valley network.Chapter C by Blodgett and others presents a brief description of a one-day fi eld trip to exposures of Mesozoic strata in Port Graham and at Point Naskowhak.Preliminary fossil identifi cations are presented, along with their age signifi cance.Well-preserved and lightly abraded bivalves in sandstones that include features suggestive of rapid deposition in relatively deep water indicate short transport paths between the shallow water source area for the fauna and the depositional site.Chapter D by Loveland presents mercury injection capillary pressure data generated by George Bolger at PetroTech Associates, Houston, TX, from outcrop samples collected from the Beluga and Sterling Formations.Nearly all samples are tied to measured stratigraphic sections, which provide facies context for the data.Most of our measured sections are presented in Appendix A of Chapter A (LePain and others, this volume).The sample number includes the measured section number and the stratigraphic position of the sample in the measured section.For example, sample 07JRM005-16.5 was collected 16.5 m above the base of measured section 07JRM005 (fi g.A11, Appendix A, LePain and others, this volume).
We report a likely neoceratopsian manus track from an exposure of the Nanushuk Formation along the Colville River in northern Alaska. The track described here containts the impressions of five digits, arranged as an arc, which identify this specimen as a manus. Details of the impression suggest that it is neoceratopsian rather than ankylosaurian. The length of the chord of the arc of the track is approximately 25 cm, which is half the size of manus tracks found west of Denver, Colorado, USA attributed to the 10 m long Maastrichtian Triceratops. The Nanushuk Formation is a succession of complexly intertonguing marine and nonmarine strata interpreted as shelf, deltaic, strandplain, fluvial, and alluvial overbank deposits. Deposited in the foreland basin north f the Brooks Range, the rock unit is present throughout most of the northern foothills belt and subsurface of the central and western North Slope coastal plain. Fossil and radiometric data place outcrop within the Albian. If the identification of the track is correct, this is one of the earlies occurrences of neoceratopsians from North America. The occurrence of this track in Alaska substantiates the biogeographic model of faunal exchange between Asia and North America through a Cretaceous land bridge known as Beringia.
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