Summary The high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway plays an important role in the responses of fungi to various environmental stresses. S accharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 is a response regulator in the high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway, which regulates the oxidative stress response, cell cycle and cell wall biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized an Skn7 orthologue BcSkn7 in B otrytis cinerea . BcSKN7 can partly restore the growth defects of S . cerevisiae SKN7 mutant and vice versa. The BcSKN7 mutant ( ΔBcSkn7 ‐1) revealed increased sensitivity to ionic osmotic and oxidative stresses and to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. In addition, ΔBcSkn7 ‐1 was also impaired dramatically in conidiation and sclerotial formation. Western blot analysis showed that BcSkn7 positively regulated the phosphorylation of BcSak1 (the orthologue of S . cerevisiae H og1) under osmotic stress, indicating that BcSkn7 is associated with the high‐osmolarity glycerol pathway in B . cinerea . In contrast with BcSak1 , BcSkn7 is not involved in the regulation of B . cinerea virulence. All of the phenotypic defects of ΔBcSkn7 ‐1 are restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the wild‐type BcSKN7 . The results of this study indicate that BcSkn7 plays an important role in the regulation of vegetative differentiation and in the response to various stresses in B . cinerea .
Little is known about the genes participating in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthesis during nodule symbiosis. Here, we identified full-length MtDGD1, a synthase of DGDG, and characterized its effect on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that MtDGD1 was located on the symbiosome membranes in the infected cells. β-Glucuronidase histochemical staining revealed that MtDGD1 was highly expressed in the infection zone of young nodules as well as in the whole mature nodules. Compared with the control, MtDGD1-RNA interference transgenic plants exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity, and DGDG abundance in the nodules, as well as abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Overexpression of MtDGD1 resulted in enhancement of nodule number and nitrogen fixation activity. In response to phosphorus starvation, the MtDGD1 expression level was substantially upregulated and the abundance of nonphospholipid DGDG was significantly increased in the roots and nodules, accompanied by corresponding decreases in the abundance of phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. Overall, our results indicate that DGD1 contributes to effective nodule organogenesis and nitrogen fixation by affecting the synthesis and content of DGDG during symbiosis.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the potential association the cytosolic serine hydroxy methyltransferase ( SHMT1 ) rs1979277 polymorphism and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive search of Web of Science, PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biomedical Literature Database electronic database, was performed to identify relevant studies published throughout April 30, 2019. The heterogeneity in the study was judged by the I 2 and P -values, and then the random ratio or fixed effect was used to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) based on the presence or absence of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis is used to estimate the impact of individual studies on aggregate estimates. The publication bias of the study was tested using a funnel plot and an Egger regression. Results: Nine studies with a total of 6492 participants (2971 patients; 3521 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. We found that SHMT1 rs1979277 polymorphism was not significantly associated with the risk of ALL in the dominant model: CC versus CT+TT (OR=0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-1.54, P =0.57), recessive model: CC+CT versus TT (OR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.44-1.49, P =0.50) and allele model: C versus T (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.52-1.35, P =0.48). In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no significant association were found in dominant, recessive and allele models in both Caucasian and Asian populations. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the SHMT1 rs1979277 polymorphism was not associated with the risk of susceptibility to ALL.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) play important roles in regulating many biological processes in eukaryotes. Currently, little is known about functions of PP2Cs in filamentous fungi. The causal agent of wheat head blight, Fusarium graminearum, contains seven putative PP2C genes, FgPTC1, -3, -5, -5R, -6, -7 and -7R. In order to investigate roles of these PP2Cs, we constructed deletion mutants for all seven PP2C genes in this study. The FgPTC3 deletion mutant (ΔFgPtc3-8) exhibited reduced aerial hyphae formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, but increased production of conidia. The mutant showed increased resistance to osmotic stress and cell wall-damaging agents on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogencity assays showed that ΔFgPtc3-8 is unable to infect flowering wheat head. All of the defects were restored when ΔFgPtc3-8 was complemented with the wild-type FgPTC3 gene. Additionally, the FgPTC3 partially rescued growth defect of a yeast PTC1 deletion mutant under various stress conditions. Ultrastructural and histochemical analyses showed that conidia of ΔFgPtc3-8 contained an unusually high number of large lipid droplets. Furthermore, the mutant accumulated a higher basal level of glycerol than the wild-type progenitor. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that basal expression of FgOS2, FgSLT2 and FgMKK1 in the mutant was significantly higher than that in the wild-type strain. Serial analysis of gene expression in ΔFgPtc3-8 revealed that FgPTC3 is associated with various metabolic pathways. In contrast to the FgPTC3 mutant, the deletion mutants of FgPTC1, FgPTC5, FgPTC5R, FgPTC6, FgPTC7 or FgPTC7R did not show aberrant phenotypic features when grown on PDA medium or inoculated on wheat head. These results indicate FgPtc3 is the key PP2C that plays a critical role in a variety of cellular and biological functions, including cell wall integrity, lipid and secondary metabolisms, and virulence in F. graminearum.
Bacillus methylotrophicus FKM10 is a strain of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with antimicrobial activity, which was isolated from apple rhizosphere. Here, we present the genome sequence of B. methylotrophicus FKM10. Two scaffolds were finally assembled, and several functional genes related to its antimicrobial activity were discovered.
To investigate the effects of various types of farmland shelterbelts on soil quality and soil bacterial community diversity, this study focused on soil samples from four different shelterbelt types in the Alaer reclamation area, including Populus euphratica Oliv.- Populus tomentosa Carrière (PP), Elaeagnus angustifolia L.- Populus euphratica Oliv. (EP), Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge (P), and Salix babylonica L. (S). We analyzed their physical, chemical, biological properties as well as the differences in bacterial community structure, and explored the influencing factors on soil microbial community characteristics through microbial correlation network analysis. The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in soil properties among the four types of farmland shelterbelts ( p < 0.05), with P soils exhibiting the highest levels of organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents. (2) The Alpha diversity indices of soil bacteria showed significant differences among the four types of farmland shelterbelts ( p < 0.05), with the P soils displayed the highest Chao1 and Shannon indices. (3) There were differences in the composition and abundance of dominant soil bacterial communities among different farmland shelterbelts, notably, the abundances of Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes were significantly higher in P soils compared to the other three types. (4) The complexity of the correlation network between microbial species and environmental factors was highest in EP soils, soil microbial biomass nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main influencing factors. These findings indicated that different types of farmland shelterbelts had significant impacts on soil properties and soil bacterial communities. Soil bacterial communities were regulated by soil properties, their changes reflected a combined effect of soil characteristics and tree species.
Straw mulching on wet beds is an effective method to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles in greenhouses. However, this technique cannot be applied in the production of leafy vegetables with high planting density. Straw mulching in furrows is an alternative method in this circumstance. In this study, celery (Apium graveolens L.), a vegetable that prefers a high planting density and wet soil, was used to test furrow straw mulching technology, and the effect of different straw amounts and straw decomposers on soil improvement and celery production was investigated. The results showed that straw mulching in furrows significantly reduced soil conductivity and nitrate nitrogen levels, increased the contents of soil organic carbon as well as phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the bed, and improved celery yield and quality, indicating the significant lateral movement of released nutrients between the furrow and bed. The positive effects of 15,000 kg/ha straw application were more pronounced than those of 7500 kg/ha and 11,250 kg/ha. In addition, straw decomposers accelerated nutrient release and improved celery yield and quality. A decomposer named “ZhuBang” containing Bacillus licheniformis was the most effective. We concluded that furrow straw mulching combined with straw decomposer application is an effective measure for the sustainable production of leafy vegetables in intensive vegetable production facilities.
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