Apesar dos avanços no diagnóstico das crises não epilépticas psicogênicas (CNEP), até o presente momento não há tratamentos que sejam padronizados e eficientes. O presente estudo examinou a freqüência de crises e as condições de trabalho e acadêmicas em um grupo de pacientes portadores de CNEP antes e depois de completarem um programa de oito semanas específico, desenvolvido no PROJEPSI (Projeto de Epilepsia e Psiquiatria) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com os objetivos de redução da freqüência de crises e de danos associados ao diagnóstico de CNEP. Ao final do programa de tratamento, 15 pacientes (62,5%) apresentavam-se em remissão e 19 (79,2%) apresentaram melhora do desempenho profissional ou acadêmico. O presente estudo fornece evidências da eficácia do programa de atendimento dos pacientes portadores de CNEP proposto pelo PROJEPSI. O número significativo de pacientes que apresentam remissão e redução do número de crises após a comunicação terapêutica do diagnóstico, do tratamento das comorbidades psiquiátricas e da terapia para redução de danos e crises (TRDC) sugere que o conhecimento da doença por parte dos pacientes, familiares e amigos convidados é essencial ao tratamento.
Epilepsia é o mais freqüente transtorno neurológico sério, atingindo 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo, 40 milhões delas em países em desenvolvimento. Embora seja um problema predominantemente tratável, nestes países a maioria dos pacientes permanece sem tratamento. Provavelmente uma das principais causas para isto seja o estigma que atinge as pessoas com epilepsia. Tal fato se agrava ainda mais quando à epilepsia se associam transtornos mentais, que ocorrem com prevalência aumentada. Os pacientes com epilepsia e transtornos mentais sofrem o que se chama de "duplo estigma", que freqüentemente os deixa sem tratamento. É provável, particularmente em países em desenvolvimento, que psiquiatras se defrontem com pacientes com epilepsia nos diferentes locais de atendimento. Os autores revisam diferentes aspectos dos principais transtornos mentais associados à epilepsia.
Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder. Worldwide, around 50 million people have epilepsy, 40 million of which in developing countries. Though epilepsy is predominantly treatable, most patients in these countries remain without treatment. It is likely that one of the main reasons is the stigma associated with epilepsy. This problem increases when mental disorders are associated with epilepsy, a fairly frequent occurrence. Patients with epilepsy and mental disorders are exposed to a “double stigma”, which frequently leads to complete absence of treatment. It is probable that, particularly in developing countries, psychiatrists will be involved with the treatment of people with epilepsy. The authors review different aspects of the most important mental disorders associated with epilepsy.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is moderately effective for depression when applied by trained staff. It is not known whether self-applied tDCS, combined or not with a digital psychological intervention, is also effective.
From the ∗Video EEG and ECT Services †ECT Service, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received for publication March 13, 2020; accepted April 6, 2020. Reprints: Jose Gallucci-Neto, MD, MSc, Institute of Psychiatry University of Sao Paulo, Department of Psychiatry, Rua Ovídeo Pires de Campos S/N Sao Paulo – SP Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]). The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures to report.
1 ABSTRACT 1.1 Background The new coronavirus respiratory syndrome disease (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major health problem worldwide. Many attempts have been devoted to modeling the dynamics of new infection rates, death rates, and the impact of the disease on health systems and the world economy. Most of these modeling concepts use the Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible (SIS) and Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) compartmental models; however, wide imprecise outcomes in forecasting can occur with these models in the context of poor data, low testing levels, and a nonhomogeneous population. 1.2 Objectives To predict Brazilian ICU beds demand over time and during COVID-19 pandemic “peak”. 1.3 Methods In the present study, we describe a Bayesian COVID-19 model combined with a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm to forecast quantitative predictions of infections, number of deaths and the demand for critical care beds in the next month in the Brazilian context of scarce data availability. We also estimated COVID-19 spread tendency in the state of São Paulo and forecasted the demand for critical care beds, as São Paulo is the epicenter of the Latin America pandemic. 1.4 Results Our model estimated that the number of infected individuals would be approximately 6.5 million (median) on April 25, 2020, and would reach 16 to 17 million (median) by the end of August 2020 in Brazil. The probability that an infected individual requires ICU-level care in Brazil is 0.5833%. Our model suggests that the current level of mitigation seen in São Paulo is sufficient to reach R t < 1, thus attaining a “peak” in the short term. In São Paulo state, the total number of deaths is estimated to be around 9,000 (median) with the 2.5% quantile being 6,600 deaths and the 97.5% quantile being around 13,350 deaths. Also, São Paulo will not attain its maximum capacity of ICU beds if the current trend persists over the long term. 1.5 Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic should peak in Brazil between May 8 and May 20, 2020 with a fatality rate lower than that suggested in the literature. The northern and northeastern regions of Brazil will suffer from a lack of available ICU beds, the southern and central-western regions appear to have sufficient ICU beds, finally, the southeastern region seems to have enough ICU beds only if it shares private beds with the publicly funded Unified Health System (SUS). The model predicts that, if the current policies and population behavior are maintained throughout the forecasted period, by the end of August 2020, Brazil will have around 7.6% to 8.2% of its population immune to COVID-19.