Abstract Human aldo‐keto reductase 1C isoforms (AKR1C1‐C4) catalyze reduction of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including therapeutic drugs, and are associated with chemotherapy resistance. AKR1C2 is involved in metastatic processes and is a target for the treatment of various cancers. Here we used molecular docking to explore the potential of a series of eleven bile acid methyl esters as AKR1C2 inhibitors. Autodock 4.2 ranked 10 of the 11 test compounds above a decoy set generated based on ursodeoxycholic acid, a known AKR1C2 inhibitor, while 5 of these 10 ranked above 94 % of decoys in Autodock Vina. Seven inactives reported in the literature not to inhibit AKR1C2 ranked below the decoy threshold: 5 of these are specific inhibitors of AKR1C3, a related isoform. Using the same parameters, Autodock Vina identified steroidal analogs of AKR1C substrates, bile acids, and AKR1C inhibitors in the top 5 % of a virtual screen of a natural product library. In experimental assays, 6 out of 11 of the tested bile acid methyl esters inhibited >50 % of AKR1C2 activity, while 2 compounds were strong AKR1C3 inhibitors. Potential off‐target interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor were measured using a yeast‐based fluorescence assay, where results suggest that the methyl ester could interfere with binding. The top ranking compound based on docking and experimental results showed dose‐dependent inhibition of AKR1C2 with an IC50 of ∼3.6 μM. Molecular dynamics simulations (20 ns) were used to explore potential interactions between a bile acid methyl ester and residues in the AKR1C2 active site. Our molecular docking results identify AKR1C2 as a target for bile acid methyl esters, which combined with virtual screening results could provide new directions for researchers interested in synthesis of AKR1C inhibitors.
Wastewater treatment is an emerging problem in the industrialized world. The development of new semiconducting materials with the potential to be used in photocatalysis is the focus of the scientific community. Here, we present the synthesis of N-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) using microwave radiation. N-CQDs were synthesized by irradiation of glucose solution in the presence of ammonia hydroxide as a nitrogen doping agent at low temperature (100 °C), low applied microwave power (100 and 200 W), and for a short period of time (60 s). The possible application of N-CQDs as a catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye under blue light, green light, red light, and daylight was investigated. The highest values of MB degradation were observed for the samples exposed to red light with a maximum of 58.8 % for N-CQDs sample prepared at the reactor power of 200 W exposed to red light for 2 h.
The influence of naphthenic acids (NAs) mixture and their narrow fractions (called NA pH 4, pH 8 and pH 10) onto permeability of beetroot cell membrane is examined. The results showed that the effect depends on treatment duration, concentration and NAs structure. Longer treatment of plant cell membranes with sodium naphthenate (Na-naph) resulted in the increase of membrane permeability (e.g. 4-hour treatment with Na-naph (C=100 ?mol L-1) increased membrane permeability about 3 times, while prolongation of treatment to 24 hour resulted in the 18 times increasing of the effect). NAs in the concentration range from 0.1 to 10 ?mol L-1 does not change membrane permeability, while membrane permeability is increasing linearly with concentration increasing from 10-100 ?mol L-1. The strongest effect expressed fraction pH 8, where bi- and tricyclic carboxylic acids are the most abundant. These structures are predominant in the total NAs mixture as well. Thereby could be explained their closest, but a little bit weaker effect, comparing to NAs present in fraction pH 8. The effect of NAs onto beetroot cell membrane is between the effects of anionic (SDS and LS) and non-ionic surfactants (Triton X-100).
: The first attempts at microwave-assisted (MW) syntheses of bile acid derivatives were performed in domestic MW appliances. However, the reproducibility of these syntheses, which were performed in uncontrolled conditions, was very low. In the first part of this overview, compounds synthesized under such conditions are presented. Consequently, with the development of MW technology, MW-assisted reactions in MW reactors became reproducible. Thus, in the second part of this review, syntheses of bile acidsbased compounds in MW reactors are presented. Among others, publications dealing with the following topics will be covered: : − Chemical transformations of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functions of bile acids into esters or amides, : − Hydroxyl group oxidations, : − Derivatization of oxo-compounds with different nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g. 4-amino-3- substituted-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, thiocarbohydrazides and thiosemicarbazides) : Bile acid-based molecular tweezers, capable of stereospecific molecular recognition : Reactions of hydroxyl functions to give chlorine derivatives, presenting reactive intermediates in substitution reactions with N- or O-containing nucleophilic arylhydrazides, urea derivatives, substituted thiadiazoles or triazoles or amino acid methyl esters, mainly in solvent-free conditions. : Some of the synthesized compounds expressed antimicrobial potential and/or good recognition properties as artificial receptors for specific amino acids or anions. : Detailed comparisons between conventional and MW-assisted procedures for chemical transformations of bile acids are given in most of the presented publications. Based on these results, MW irradiation methods are simpler, more efficient, cleaner and faster than conventional synthetic methods, meeting the requirements of green chemistry.