Titanium dioxide is added into calcium phosphate bio-glass (CPG) to have crystalline phases of titanium phosphoric ( TiP 2 O 7 ) and calcium phosphoric ( CaP 2 O 7 ) on its surfaces. The bio-glass synthesis with the addition of titanium dioxide herein is denoted as TCPG. To elucidate their surface morphologies, both specimens of CPG and TCPG were immersed in Hanks' solution for two days before soaking in the mixed solutions of ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 at 70°. Crystalline layers of titanium phosphoric were observed on the surfaces of TCPG from immersing in Hanks' solution. After which calcium pyrophosphate appeared on the second step of soaking process from the calcium ion contained solutions. Due to the absence of crystalline phases on the surfaces of CPG specimen, it can be deduced that the addition of titania ( TiO 2 ) causes the hydroxyapatite formation on the surface of bio-glass.
Nanosized tin whiskers and spheres 15 nm in diameter form on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates via a two-step anodization. The driving force, residual stress released from the template at a high temperature, causes tin whiskers of uniform size to grow on AAO within a few minutes. Various thicknesses AAO templates of in nano channels were fabricated from high-purity aluminum metals. The formation of hexagonal pores on aluminum was elucidated with reference to the equilibrium surface tension at each anodic condition. During a faster heating and cooling rate, tin formed coarser whiskers on the AAO, compared with fine nanowhiskers, which prefer slower rates of tempering. A series of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images under various conditions of fabrication are introduced. Hence, the transformation of tin whiskers to a spherical shape is presented in detail in this study as well.
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