DIFFERENTIAL RECOVERY refers to the introduction of bias into archaeological data through different recovery techniques; such bias can dramatically affect rela tive abundance estimates. As a recovery technique, screening samples archaeolo gical material according to size. Recovery bias across different screen mesh sizes is well documented for archaeological mammalian assemblages (Casteel 1972; Payne 1972; Shaffer 1992; Thomas 1969). These studies show that the use of large-mesh screens (i.e., ! in. [12.70 mm] and *in. [6.35 mm]) biases assemblages toward large taxa. Understanding the effects of this kind of bias is critical because interpretations of human subsistence and palaeoecology demand accurate taxo nomic abundance estimates. Although a number of studies have documented screen size bias with mamma lian faunas, can these results be generalized to all archaeological faunas? Archae ological fish remains may be more susceptible to the biases created when large mesh screens are used because of the variability in the size of diagnostic elements across taxa. Indeed, differential recovery has been documented for ichthyofaunal assemblages, particularly from Europe and North America (e.g., Bullock 1990; Butler 1987; Wheeler and Jones 1989). As with mammalian faunas, these anal yses show that small taxa are consistently underrepresented in assemblages recov ered from large-mesh screens. In the case of Pacific Island fish assemblages, however, recovery bias may not parallel that shown for terrestrial faunal and other fish assemblages for several reasons. The higher diversity of taxa naturally occurring in the Pacific makes it difficult to compile a comprehensive reference collection. Without such refer ence material, only a few elements are used in identifications, which are limited to the family level. In comparison, fish analyses for other regions consist of iden tification of a range of elements to the genus or species level. With the smaller range of elements used in the Pacific, there is a greater likelihood of introducing bias toward fish with those particular elements that are large or robust, potentially
The widening disconnect between the skill sets of many high school and college graduates and STEM job growth in the United States reveals the implications of not effectively tapping into the potential. Programs that target young people and illustrate how the STEM disciplines change the world can build interest. Angela Hessler conducts Take Your Daughters to Work Days at Chevron to expose young girls to career choices in the sciences. The need for mentoring and role models continues throughout a woman's career. Mid-career mentoring/advice and information on advancement or even on pursuing new opportunities with the skills and knowledge learned is nonexistent. A more fundamental way to address societal bias is to embrace and accommodate gender differences while recognizing that women are just as smart and capable as men, thus creating a better work environment for everyone. Large-scale national efforts have moved women forward in the country.
Human population size and density increased in many areas of eastern North America after the mid-Holocene. As predators, human foragers relied heavily on ungulate prey for food in many areas of the world during prehistory. In southeast Texas, changes in foraging adaptations relate to broader subsistence and population trends. Analysis of a large, well-preserved archaeological faunal assemblage that spans much of the second half of the Holocene from the Eagle’s Ridge site (41CH252) indicates that harvest pressure and carcass exploitation of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) intensified through time following predictions framed under two theoretical models. The first model summarises effects of changes in harvest pressure and/or habitat productivity on prey population age structure and body size. Under harvest pressure age structures should become juvenile dominated expressing relatively steep survivorship, and ontogenetic growth rate of prey should increase. Habitat productivity affects ontogenetic growth rate but not proportional age structure in a prey population. The second model uses proxy measures of fragmentation to study exploitation of within-bone nutrients from white-tailed deer bones. Extent of fragmentation increases as marrow exploitation increases and intensity of fragmentation increases as grease exploitation intensifies. At Eagle’s Ridge multiple lines of evidence related to the two models indicate that as human population density increased through time white-tailed deer were harvested at a higher rate.
ABSTRACT Zooarchaeological research in New Zealand has a particularly long history, dating from the 1870s. Over the last century, it has both followed larger trends in the discipline and developed innovative approaches. Three types of research that reflect these broader movements and novel approaches are identified in this historical review of New Zealand archeofaunal studies. First, zooarchaeological studies have been used to not only illustrate human impacts on the environment, but also to examine the consequences of anthropogenic environmental change for resident human populations. Second, taphonomic research, beginning with Julius von Haast's qualitative examinations of moa-hunter butchering patterns, is considered, particularly studies relating to butchery and carnivore damage. Finally, examples of New Zealand research that are poised to make significant contributions to the burgeoning field of applied zooarchaeology are highlighted.
Abstract Excavations in a deeply stratified coastal site at To'aga, Ofu Island, in the Manu'a group of American Samoa, yielded evidence of human occupation spanning the entire Samoan cultural sequence. The earliest deposits, dated to 3700–3300 BP, may represent a Lapita Period occupation, although the present sample is very limited. An Ancestral Polynesian phase, dated from 2500–1900 BP, is well attested, with abundant Polynesian Plainware ceramics, simple one‐piece fishhooks, and other artifacts and associated faunal materials. Aceramic deposits, dated after 1900 BP, are also present. A model for the geomorphological evolution of the site, incorporating sea level change and the effects of human impact on the landscape, is presented.
ArcGIS Map Packages and GIS Data for Gillreath-Brown, Nagaoka, and Wolverton (2019) **When using the GIS data included in these map packages, please cite all of the following: Gillreath-Brown, Andrew, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton. A Geospatial Method for Estimating Soil Moisture Variability in Prehistoric Agricultural Landscapes, 2019. PLoSONE 14(8):e0220457. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220457 Gillreath-Brown, Andrew, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton. ArcGIS Map Packages for: A Geospatial Method for Estimating Soil Moisture Variability in Prehistoric Agricultural Landscapes, Gillreath-Brown et al., 2019. Version 1. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2572018 OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS This repository contains map packages for Gillreath-Brown, Nagaoka, and Wolverton (2019), as well as the raw digital elevation model (DEM) and soils data, of which the analyses was based on. The map packages contain all GIS data associated with the analyses described and presented in the publication. The map packages were created in ArcGIS 10.2.2; however, the packages will work in recent versions of ArcGIS. (Note: I was able to open the packages in ArcGIS 10.6.1, when tested on February 17, 2019). The primary files contained in this repository are: Raw DEM and Soils data Digital Elevation Model Data (Map services and data available from U.S. Geological Survey, National Geospatial Program, and can be downloaded from the National Elevation Dataset) DEM_Individual_Tiles: Individual DEM tiles prior to being merged (1/3 arc second) from USGS National Elevation Dataset. DEMs_Merged: DEMs were combined into one layer. Individual watersheds (i.e., Goodman, Coffey, and Crow Canyon) were clipped from this combined DEM. Soils Data (Map services and data available from Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture) Animas-Dolores_Area_Soils: Small portion of the soil mapunits cover the northeastern corner of the Coffey Watershed (CW). Cortez_Area_Soils: Soils for Montezuma County, encompasses all of Goodman (GW) and Crow Canyon (CCW) watersheds, and a large portion of the Coffey watershed (CW). ArcGIS Map Packages Goodman_Watershed_Full_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the full Goodman Watershed (GW). Goodman_Watershed_Mesa-Only_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the mesa-only Goodman Watershed. Crow_Canyon_Watershed_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the Crow Canyon Watershed (CCW). Coffey_Watershed_SMPM_Analysis: Map Package contains the necessary files to rerun the SMPM analysis on the Coffey Watershed (CW). For additional information on contents of the map packages, please see see "Map Packages Descriptions" or open a map package in ArcGIS and go to "properties" or "map document properties." LICENSES Code: MIT year: 2019 Copyright holders: Andrew Gillreath-Brown, Lisa Nagaoka, and Steve Wolverton CONTACTAndrew Gillreath-Brown, PhD Candidate, RPA Department of Anthropology, Washington State University andrew.brown1234@gmail.com – Email andrewgillreathbrown.wordpress.com – Web