Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, which is different from apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy in morphology and biochemistry. Ferroptosis is characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane rupture in morphology, and the accumulation of intracellular iron, lipid peroxidation (LPO), decrease of GSH and inhibition of GPX4 in biochemistry. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) are both common neurotropic viruses that can cause neurological disorders, such as severe encephalitis. JEV and HSV have been demonstrated to be able to induce ferroptosis. This process is closely related to the inhibition of the GSH-GPX4 system, ACSL4 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 ubiquitination. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms by which JEV and HSV induced ferroptosis in the current study. In addition, we found a strong relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ferroptosis, and we therefore speculated that sustained ER stress might be a prerequisite for ferroptosis in JEV and HSV-induced diseases.
The human gut is a complex but stable micro-ecosystem in which the intestinal microbiota play a key role in human health, the health of the intestine and also affect the ability of the host to metabolize nutrients. Intestinal microbiota can affect human physiological functions by regulating host metabolism, immunity and intestinal barrier function. Dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota is a crucial stimulus for the development of various diseases, which is associated with a variety of diseases in the body. The composition and function of intestinal microbiota depend on the host's physiological status, genetic makeup, dietary habits, age, and environment, which are the risk factors for obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. Polyphenols are important plant secondary metabolites with many physiological functions like anti-oxidation, antitumor, bacteriostasis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular prevention, and protection of liver and kidney and so on. A large number of studies have confirmed the benefits of dietary polyphenols to human health. Polyphenols and their associated metabolites affect intestinal health and the balance of intestinal microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the proliferation of pathogens. This review aims to update the current knowledge and highlight how the bioactivities of polyphenols can modulate the intestinal microbiota and regulate the mechanisms of the microbiota, providing a theoretical basis and reference for the scientific and overall use of polyphenols to prevent and treat intestinal diseases and maintain human intestinal health.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Qingjin Huatan Decoction (QJHTT) consists of 11 herbal medicines: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC., Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., Morus alba L., Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. As a traditional compound Chinese medicinal formula, QJHTT has been used for more than 400 years in China. It has shown promising results in treating influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonia.Aim of the study: To elusive the specific pharmacological constituents and mechanisms underlying its anti-IAV pneumonia effects.Materials and methods: The components in QJHTT were analyzed through the use of a serum pharmacology-based UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-MS method. Simultaneously, the dynamic changes in IAV-infected mouse lung viral load, lung index, and expression of lung inflammation factors were monitored by qRT-PCR.Results: We successfully identified 152 chemical components within QJHTT, along with 59 absorbed chemical prototype constituents found in the serum of mice treated with QJHTT. 43.45% of these chemical components and 43.10% of the prototype constituents were derived from the monarch drugs, namely Huangqin and Zhizi, aligning perfectly with traditional Chinese medicine theory. Notably, our analysis led to the discovery of 14 compounds within QJHTT for the first time, three of which were absorbed into the bloodstream. Simultaneously, we observed that QJHTT not only reduced the viral load but also modulated the expression of lung inflammation factors. A time-effect analysis further revealed that QJHTT intervention effectively suppressed the peak of inflammatory responses, demonstrating a robust anti-IAV pneumonia effect. Conclusions: We comprehensively analyzed the pharmacological material basis of QJHTT by a highly sensitive and high-resolution UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-MS method, and demonstrated its efficacy in combating IAV pneumonia by reducing lung viral load and inflammatory factors. This study has significant importance for elucidating the pharmacological basis and pharmacological mechanism of QJHTT in combating IAV pneumonia.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
