Photoactive heterojunctions formed by porphyrin polymers were electrochemically generated and analyzed by both transient and spectral dependent surface photovoltage. Indium tin oxide/organic polymer heterojunction photovoltages showed to be dependent on the presence of Zn (II) as central metal on the porphyrin polymer structure. The porphyrin electropolymers were also successfully formed on the top of a poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene layer, generated by electropolymerization. The presence of the hole transport polymer dramatically altered the formation and diffusion process of the photocarriers created by excitation of the porphyrin films. A marked increase in the generated photovoltages was observed when the porphyrin electropolymer external surfaces were modified with a layer of a strong electron acceptor (C60 buckminsterfullerene), showing that these heterojunctions could be used in the development of new solar energy technologies.
Tetrapyrrolic macrocycles occupy a central place in bioorganic chemistry. On the basis of their photophysical properties, natural and synthetic porphyrin derivatives have found specific biomedical applications, particularly in the field of detection and treatment of neoplastic tissues. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists in the administration of a photosensitizer, which is selectively retained by the malign cells. The subsequent irradiation with visible light in the presence of oxygen specifically leads to cell death and tumor destruction. In the last years, methoxyphenyl porphyrin derivatives were evaluated as active phototherapeutic agents. Therefore, this review deals with the evolution of these photosensitizers with potential applications in PDT. The photodynamic activity of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin was studied in different biomimetic and biological media. This synthetic porphyrin and its complexes with metals are effective photosensitizers, which were used as model compounds to investigate the theoretical and instrumental aspects of PDT. Modifications in the structure of methoxyphenyl porphyrins were performed to obtain an increase in the efficiency and selectivity of the agents. In these compounds, the presence of methoxy groups appears to be beneficial from the standpoint of tumor localization. Biochemical studies using a monocationic porphyrin showed efficient tumor regression and the cellular damage was mainly dependent on caspase-3 activity signaling response associated with apoptosis. Also, methoxyphenyl porphyrins attached to other structures, such as porphyrin and fullerene C60 were investigated as phototherapeutic drugs. In particular, porphyrin-C60 dyad was found to be an active compound, even under anoxic condition. The studies indicated that porphyrins bearing methoxy groups in the periphery of the macrocycle are interesting photosensitizers with potential application in photodynamic tumor therapy. Keywords: Photodynamic therapy, cancer, tumor, photosensitizer, porphyrin, singlet oxygen
The antimicrobial capability and recyclability of two conjugates that combines the versatility of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with the high photosensitizing proficiency of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes are assessed. By a relatively simple synthetic pathway, two conjugates were obtained. The first one, MNP-B1, contains a highly fluorescent dye for bioimaging and suitable inactivating properties. The other one, MNP-B2, is optimized to improve the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by incorporating heavy atoms in the BODIPY core. In vitro experiments in bacterial cell suspensions and at the single bacterium level reveal that both conjugates can inactivate either Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. By means of fluorescence microscopy, not only cellular uptake of the conjugates but also recyclability and sustained performance over the cycles of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) are demonstrated. This is the first time that MNPs functionalized with BODIPY dyes are utilized to obtain fluorescent images of bacterial cells and photoinactivate pathogens.
A convenient procedure for the synthesis of porphyrin derivative dyads is described. The dyads consist of a free base porphyrin covalently linked to a zinc porphyrin or ferrocene by an amide bond. 5-(4-Substituted phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methylphenyl) porphyrins were synthesized from meso-(4-methylphenyl) dipyrromethanes 1, which was obtained with appreciable yield (83%). The reaction of dipyrromethane 1 with a mixture of two appropriate substituted benzaldehydes affords the desired meso-substituted porphyrins, which can be easily separated by flash chromatography. These porphyrins bearing either one 4-acetamidophenyl group 2 or 4-carboxymethylphenyl group 3, and three 4-methylphenyl peripheral functional groups, were prepared with notable yields (15–17%) in a two-step one-flask reaction. Basic hydrolysis of the porphyrins 2 and 3 yielded amino 4 and acid porphyrin 5, respectively. Treatment of 5 with zinc acetate afforded the corresponding metal complex Zn-acid porphyrin 6. The dyads 7 and 8 were obtained by the coupling reaction between the acid chloride derivatives of either Zn-acid porphyrin 6 or ferroceneacetic acid and amino porphyrins 4, respectively. The present strategy may be easily used for preparation of other similar dyad derivatives. These compounds could have interesting applications in electronic materials. Preliminary studies of light energy conversion by SnO2 electrodes coated with porphyrin dyads 7 and 8 were performed. The results show that dyads 7 and 8 may be suitable for solar energy conversion devices.