This chapter talks about nanocomputing and its application in the medical field, and describes cloud computing. It discusses nanocomputing architectures and technologies like molecular switches, carbon nanotubes, resonant tunnel diodes (RTDs), DNA, and protein computing. The chapter explains how Khitun and Wang have implemented the logic gates, and shows how to extend their design to implement other logic functions such as NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. It discusses the two main applications: DNA sequencing and modeling neural networks. Cloud computing evolved from basic IT resources, which had simplistic and homogenous resources. One other important milestone in the process of evolution of cloud computing is grid computing; computations are done using geographically distributed set of connected autonomous computers. Cloud computing can provide the virtual infrastructure for utility computing like the Internet-of-things, which integrates monitoring devices, storage devices, analytics tools, visualization platforms, and client delivery.
This chapter aims at promoting the discussion on how the use of wireless computing in nanomedicine helps integrate health monitoring and healthcare more seamlessly in the healthcare sector, and ways it can help people to tackle the critical challenges faced by doctors and patients regardless of space and time. It presents cutting-edge perspectives and visions to highlight future developments. The chapter discusses the distributed computing and its usage in treating cognitive disabilities like Alzheimer's, autism, etc., and how it can increase the portability for monitoring the patient and reduce the redundancy of data. It talks about the role of wireless power and Markov decision process (MDP) in distributed computing. The chapter explains how to model brain disorders and detect biomarkers using nanotechnology. It discusses the ethics, privacy, and legal issues in the domain of nano-medicine, and how one can implement these in a safe, ethical way to gain benefits.
This chapter reviews the main topics discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. It discusses the importance of Wireless and nanoscale computing on the medical industry. Wireless computing in nanomedicine is a very promising field with many challenges and issues that need to be addressed over the coming decades to make it truly viable. The chapter examines how everything from cancer drug delivery and brain disorders to Markov decisions and cognitive disabilities are directly influenced by wireless computing and nanomedicine. It then investigates the microscopic world of nanomedicine. The chapter focuses on curing disease via nanomachines that circulate throughout the bloodstream, detect and maneuver to diseased cells, and terminate them efficiently. It explores the ethical, privacy, and legal ramifications of nanomedicine and Wireless computing. Finally, the chapter explains the existing laws and identify the area that can improve in order to pave way for a sustainable technological development in the future.
This chapter talks about the history of wireless power transfer technology. It presents the background of the idea and the contribution that humans have made in the past hundred years. The chapter introduces the base theory of wireless power transfer and presents an approach that can be used for implantable medical devices. It provides the standards that are widely used today in the industry and custom market and gives some examples and ideas from the current demos in the medical area. The chapter discusses the electromagnetic approach that is also widely used in the industry and medical areas and presents the various methods of transferring power wirelessly. The approaches discussed are microwave, inductive coupling, and magnetic coupling resonance. The chapter also discusses the compatibility and safety of implantable devices in humans. It compares the two approaches used by transcutaneous energy transmission system (TETS).
Ethical issues are broken down by where they arise in a nanotechnology-based treatment's lifecycle from research and development (R&D), to distribution, to its final application and use. To clarify these issues, existing and developed medical ethics paradigms are used in this analysis. Intellectual property (IP) issues while technically a subset of legal issues are discussed separately given their importance in the initial development and evolution of a new technology. Subsequently other legal issues, particularly the convergence of jurisdiction of various regulatory bodies on nanomedicine is investigated, and discussed privacy laws governing patient data are recapped. Ethical considerations should play a central role in the development and deployment of nanomedicine and guide scientists in their research of this fledgling technology. The R&D stage is by all premarket research, laboratory testing of materials and human and animal testing that a nanotechnology-based treatment undergoes before its release to market.
This chapter discusses nanotechnology as it applies to medicine, including different types of nanorobots and some of the challenges inherent to building robots on the nanoscale. It focuses on a number of different nanostructures one can use to detect the presence of cancer or other diseases in the body. The chapter describes the problems with current cancer treatments, as well as methods such as nanoparticle heating method, magnetic manipulation, that can be used to treat disease at the cellular level within the body. It addresses possible effects of nanorobots on the body and factors that determine biocompatibility on the nanoscale. The chapter also describes recent progress in wireless power and how this idea can be directly applied to nanomedicine. It explores some of the specifics of nanomedical research for cancer and also discusses the organizations, centers, universities, and scientists actually doing the research as of the fall of 2014.
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