Formal faculty mentorship programs are a practical and effective pathway to enable faculty success in teaching, scholarship, and service and to enhance faculty satisfaction. Although informal mentoring relationships benefit some faculty, formal faculty mentorship programs ensure equitable access to mentorship for female faculty and faculty from diverse, under-represented backgrounds. Formal faculty mentorship programs can utilize a variety of structures, each with their benefits and drawbacks. This article recommends a multimodal mentoring network model to harness the benefits of traditional dyadic mentoring, multiple-mentor mentorship, peer and near-peer mentorship, and topic- and affinity-based group mentorship and to confer the flexibility, adaptability, and support needed to best cater to the career and psychosocial needs of a diverse faculty. In addition to identifying a suitable program structure, creating a successful university-wide faculty mentorship program requires consultation with faculty of all levels, collaboration with multiple campus departments and stakeholders, and highly visible support from senior administrators. Successful implementation and maintenance of a multimodal university-wide faculty mentorship program also requires appropriate resources and incentives to build and sustain a culture of faculty participation. This article provides practical, evidence-based recommendations for the successful design and implementation of a multimodal university-wide faculty mentorship program.
Significance The vertebral column provides essential structural and protective functions. The total number of vertebral elements and their specific morphologies are remarkably reproducible within a given species, yet can be tailored to the requirements of separate vertebrate species. Major genetic determinants driving formation of the vertebral column are known, but how they are regulated to achieve a highly reproducible structure remains to be fully elucidated. In this report, we show that the miR-196 family of microRNAs are essential in defining correct vertebral number and vertebral identity in mouse. We reveal the molecular landscape controlled, either directly or indirectly, by miR-196 activity, to demonstrate that miR-196 impacts many key developmental signalling pathways and reinforces a timely trunk-to-tail Hox code transition.
Editorial on the Research Topic Food safety in low-and middle-income countriesThis is the first special edition on food safety in informal markets in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs).Despite their important public health and socio-economic impacts, foodborne diseases have only recently gained the attention of development institutes and initiatives (Grace, 2023).The is the result of growing appreciation of the enormous burden of foodborne disease in LMICs: the health burden is comparable to that of malaria, HIV/AIDs or tuberculosis and the economic cost is more than 100 billion USD a year (Havelaar et al., 2015;Jaffee et al., 2019).Most of the burden is caused by microbial and parasitic infections and most of these are acquired from fresh foods purchased in mass domestic markets in LMICs (Grace, 2015).These markets are easy to recognize but hard to define.They have been variously called informal, traditional, wet, embedded, and (more recently) territorial markets (Roesel and Grace, 2014;CFS., 2016).They typically include open public markets, kiosks/small shops, butchers, fruit stalls, street food and small-scale eateries.They often lack infrastructure, waste disposal is poor, and pests are common; much of the food sold is fresh, unpackaged, un-processed or traditionally processed and is cheaper than food sold in the modern sector; live animals (especially poultry and fish) may be sold and in some cases wildmeat and traditional foods such as insects; there is an absence of consistent or structured food safety and quality inspection.Informal markets are often supplied by small-scale farmers; workers are not salaried, lack qualifications and training, and often include women and youth; vendors of similar products tend to sell side-by-side with little differentiation of product or price; ready-to-eat food is often available; customers tend to shop frequently, buy in small quantities and be poorer and less educated than customers who patronize the modern food sector.Trust is a major factor in the customer-vendor relation, and vendors may provide added services such as credit or sale in small amounts.The size, variety, and impacts (both positive and negative) of these markets grow in importance as countries develop and urbanize.During this process food safety gets worse before it gets better (Jaffee et al., 2019).Despite their importance for health, nutrition, livelihoods, equity and the urban environment, these markets have been largely ignored in the research literature (Grace, 2015).Therefore, this Research Topic aimed to bring together studies on foodborne Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems frontiersin.orgGrace et al. ./fsufs. .TABLE Summary of papers on food safety in informal markets.
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