Hexacatenar chiral oxazoline complexes were prepared in a stereospecific synthesis. Metals (Pd, Ni, Cu, Zn), lateral alkoxy chains (OC6H13, OC12H25), sterically demanding alkyl groups (CH3, C4H9) on the chiral rigid centre and the number of nuclei incorporated in the complex core (mononuclear, orthopalladated dinuclear) were varied in order to achieve supramolecular organization of the phasmid-like molecules in liquid crystal phases. Mesomorphic properties were not observed in neat materials, but phase diagrams of binary mixtures with TNF demonstrate that steric repulsion can be overcome by intercalation of the electron-acceptor TNF. In spite of the presence of six lateral chains, SmA phases were found exclusively. The structures of the SmA phases were found to have additional order with respect to SmA phases formed by calamitic molecules. Further examination of the complexes in host nematic materials demonstrated their use as chiral dopants to induce cholesteric LC phases.
A polar response in a lyotropic columnar nematic material is reported. The material accommodates bowl-shaped molecules with strong axial dipole moments in column segments without head-to-tail invariance. Optical second-harmonic-generation methods confirm that the nematic columns align unidirectionally under an applied electric field and the material develops remnant macroscopic polarization observable for hours. The switching takes place by a flip of the columns.
The self-assembly behaviour both in the bulk and water of a series of amphiphilic dendrimers constituted by second generation PAMAM ionically functionalized with different amounts of myristic acid is shown here. The number of acids in the dendrimer determines the liquid-crystal properties and the structural parameters of their supramolecular organization. Most of them present mesomorphism, organizing in a smectic A mesophase, with a layer spacing decreasing when increasing the number of acids. All these dendrimers form well-defined nanoobjects in water. Micelles and broken lamellae have been found for compounds with low acid contents. In contrast, dendrimers with higher fatty acid contents self-assemble forming nanospheres with a lamellar nanostructure. All compounds are able to trap the hydrophobic molecule 9,10-diphenylanthracene independent of the acid contents. Interestingly, the trapped hydrophobic molecule dominates the self-assembly trend of the dendrimers with low acid contents and thus different nanoobjects are found after the encapsulation.
Abstract Broadband dielectric measurements on a ferroelectric liquid crystal have been carried out. The alignment was planar and the cell and sample holder were the same in the whole frequency range. Five different relaxations have been obtained and characterized: soft mode, Goldstone mode, molecular reorientation around the transversal axis, molecular reorientation around the longitudinal axis and a ferroelectric domain mode. Strengths and frequencies of these modes have been obtained in the different phases for different bias fields.
Chiral columnar liquid crystals have recently appeared as a promising new type of ferroelectric materials. To date, all the columnar liquid crystals that have been reported to show ferroelectric switching consist of organic compounds. However, metal-containing liquid crystals open this field to a significant number of new structures and offer the possibility of adding to the ferroelectric behavior other properties inherent to the presence of metals in the structure, such as magnetism, as well as the use of new methods of characterization (EPR, synchrotron radiation, etc.). The potential of columnar metal-containing liquid crystals as ferroelectric materials has been demonstrated even though only a few organic columnar ferroelectric liquid crystals have been described. As a first approach to this type of material, this concepts article describes the results obtained with chiral metal beta-diketonates that show ferroelectric switching in the columnar mesophase. It has been shown that these materials have a helical columnar arrangement in the mesomorphic state, and a chiral superstructure has been proposed from circular dichroism studies. This type of supramolecular structure plays a fundamental role in the ferroelectric properties of these compounds. The discussion is mainly focused on the strategy employed for the molecular design, and on the interpretation of the mesophase structure and the electrooptic effect. The use of a diverse range of techniques, both those commonly used in the field of liquid crystals and those that are more specific will be highlighted, and the principles of these specific techniques are summarized together with a justification of their applicability to this study.
Making a stack: Helical columnar architectures are prepared by a hierarchical self-assembly process involving H-bonding, π–π, and ion–dipole interactions (see picture). The strategic combination of these supramolecular interactions within mesomorphic systems yields materials in which photoinduced chirality and the incorporation of ions can be used to design multifunctional liquid crystals.