Andrew H. Liotta

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Brian L. Wardle

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

E.F. Antunes

Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica

Richard Li

FuelCell Energy (United States)

J. Alexander Liddle

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Sunny S. Wicks

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Luiz H. Acauan

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Estelle Kalfon‐Cohen

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Kehang Cui

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Wei‐Chang Yang

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Larissa Gorbatikh

KU Leuven

Cooperative Institutions

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

National Institute of Standards

Material Measurement Laboratory

Physical Measurement Laboratory

KU Leuven

Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology

University of Maryland, College Park

Harvard University

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Woven Hierarchical Aerospace Composite Laminates with Aligned Carbon Nanotube Bulk Reinforcement

56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (2016)

Richard Li E.F. Antunes Andrew H. Liotta Christian Parschau Mark Payne

We demonstrate a method for growing aligned carbon nanotubes (A-CNTs) on carbon fiber (CF) fabrics to create advanced hierarchical aerospace composites with integrated through-thickness reinforcements. To circumvent the in-plane strength reductions that have hitherto compromised mechanical enhancements, we employ non-covalent functionalization of CFs to enable catalyst adhesion, and low temperature chemical vapor deposition. Radially aligned CNTs were observed to grow around individual fibers with lengths ranging from 1-2 microns, and covering across fabric tows. Additionally, successful scale-up to “fuzzy” CFRP laminates was shown through a vacuum assisted epoxy resin infusion technique. Laminates with 50% microfiber and < 1% CNT volume fraction were fabricated. Short-beam shear (SBS) testing was conducted on both baseline and CNT-reinforced laminates. The SBS strength is found to be higher for the baseline laminates on average, with the CNTreinforced laminates having a lower initial failure that sets the SBS strength. However, all fuzzy CFRP cases display significantly enhanced toughness. These opposing results are attributed principally to inhomogeneities in the produced laminates with regard to CNT coverage, which will be the focus of future work.

Aerospace materials

10.2514/6.2016-0149

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Citations (1)

Effect of “fuzzy” fiber morphology on the internal geometry of textile composites characterized by micro-computed tomography

Mohammadali Aravand Oksana Shishkina Ilya Straumit Andrew H. Liotta Sunny S. Wicks

Morphology

Textile

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Low‐Temperature Growth of Carbon Nanotubes Catalyzed by Sodium‐Based Ingredients

Angewandte Chemie (2019)

Richard Li E.F. Antunes Estelle Kalfon‐Cohen Akira Kudo Luiz H. Acauan

Abstract Synthesis of low‐dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a key driver for achieving advances in energy storage, computing, and multifunctional composites, among other applications. Here, we report high‐yield thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of CNTs catalyzed by reagent‐grade common sodium‐containing compounds, including NaCl, NaHCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , and NaOH, found in table salt, baking soda, and detergents, respectively. Coupled with an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction to crack acetylene at reduced temperatures, Na‐based nanoparticles have been observed to catalyze CNT growth at temperatures below 400 °C. Ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal unique CNT morphologies and growth characteristics, including a vaporizing Na catalyst phenomenon that we leverage to create CNTs without residual catalyst particles for applications that require metal‐free CNTs. Na is shown to synthesize CNTs on numerous substrates, and as the first alkali group metal catalyst demonstrated for CNT growth, holds great promise for expanding the understanding of nanocarbon synthesis.

Acetylene

Nanomaterials

Carbon fibers

10.1002/ange.201902516

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Interlaminar Shear Reinforcement of Aerospace Laminates with Radially-aligned Carbon Nanotubes

2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (2018)

Richard Li Hayden Cornwell E.F. Antunes Andrew H. Liotta Christian Parschau

Aerospace materials

10.2514/6.2018-0907

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Internal geometry of woven composite laminates with “fuzzy” carbon nanotube grafted fibers

Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing (2016)

M. Ali Aravand Oksana Shishkina Ilya Straumit Andrew H. Liotta Sunny S. Wicks

Crimp

10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.06.010

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Sodium-Based Catalysis Of Carbon Nanotubes For Interlaminar Reinforcement Of Unidirectional Hierarchical Laminates

AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum (2020)

Richard Li E.F. Antunes Andrew H. Liotta Luiz H. Acauan Estelle Kalfon‐Cohen

A new catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is identified and demonstrated on aerospace grade carbon fibers to produce hierarchical aerospace composites with the potential for mechanical and multifunctional improvements without degrading fiber strengths. As an element in a region of the periodic table not previously identified to catalyze CNT growth, sodium was recently found to grow CNTs on carbon (micro) fibers (CFs) at temperatures as low as 390 °C using a wide range of sodium-containing precursor compounds. Sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride were all found to yield successful and similar growth on both sized and desized carbon fiber fabrics. Unlike traditional transition metal catalysts, sodium results in conformal CNT growths without clear and encapsulated catalyst particles when observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the identity of the catalyst particles formed on the surface of carbon fibers prior to growth. TEM analyses reveal a hollow CNT structure that is similar across all attempted Na-based compounds, and supports the role of Na in catalyzing CNT growth. Moreover, the growth process was transitioned to an environmental TEM (ETEM) environment for in situ studies to confirm the catalyst identity. Leveraging the recent developments in CNT synthesis and composites manufacturing from unidirectional (UD) carbon fabrics that result in increased CNT fill-fraction, facile and direct CNT growth is demonstrated on UD fabrics to enable the fabrication of UD CNT-reinforced "fuzzy" CFRPs that can be characterized for interlaminar reinforcement.

Sodium hydroxide

Carbon fibers

Sodium carbonate

10.2514/6.2020-0154

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Enhanced durability of carbon nanotube grafted hierarchical ceramic microfiber-reinforced epoxy composites

Carbon (2017)

Ajay Krishnamurthy Donald L. Hunston Amanda L. Forster Bharath Natarajan Andrew H. Liotta

Microfiber

Ceramic matrix composite

10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.006