The effects of the reaction condition of the yield of biodiesel were researched by using beef fat as the feedstock, methanol as an esterifying agent, and CH3ONa as the catalyst. The experimental results demonstrated that the best reaction temperature, the reaction time, and the agitation speed are 65°C, 1 h, and 200 r/min, respectively.
Polydispersity of TX-100 surfactant affects the structure of reverse micelles remarkably, and TX-100 with 5–10 EO units endows the micelles with hierarchical micellar interface, favoring for the preparation of monodisperse silica nanoparticles.
By using rapeseed oil as feedstock, methanol as esterifying agent, and sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide as the catalysts, effects of an orthogonal method on yield of biodiesel were researched. The experimental results showed that the activity of potassium hydroxide was better than that of sodium hydroxide. The best reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and ratio of methanol and rapeseed oil for sodium hydroxide were 75°C, 60 min, 1.0%, and 7:1, respectively. The best reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and ratio of methanol and rapeseed oil were 65°C, 90 min, 1.0%, and 7:1, respectively.
Objective
To analyze the iodine nutritional status among pregnant women, breastfeeding women, 0 - 2 years old infants, 8 - 10 years old children, 18 - 45 years old women and men in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen 3 years after promotion of new standard iodized salt.
Methods
The Huli and Xiang'an were selected as the urban and rural study sites in Xiamen City, from March 2015 to March 2016. Each study site was further divided into five geographic locations(east, south, west, north and center). In each location, one township was randomly selected. In each town, 2 tap water samples, 60 salt samples of residents, and urine samples of 40 children aged from 8 - 10 years old, 20 pregnant women, 12 breastfeeding women, 0 - 2 years old infants, 18 - 45 years old women and men were collected to determine the iodine level. The water iodine and urinary iodine were detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; salt iodine was detected by direct titration.
Results
The medians of salt iodine in urban and rural were 23.0 and 25.3 μg/L, respectively. The coverage rates of iodized salt in urban and rural area were 99.3% (298/300) and 94.0% (282/300), respectively. The consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 93.7% (281/300) and 90.7% (272/300), respectively. The medians of tap water iodine in urban and rural were 4.1 and 4.4 μg/L, respectively. In urban and rural areas, the medians of urinary iodine of pregnant women were 167.6 and 119.6 μg/L, respectively. The medians of urinary iodine of breastfeeding women were 121.6 and 101.2 μg/L, respectively. The medians of urinary iodine of infants were 165.9 and 110.5 μg/L, respectively. The medians of urinary iodine of children were 208.9 and 167.2 μg/L, respectively. The medians of urinary iodine of women aged 18 - 45 were 132.5 and 154.5 μg/L, respectively. The medians of urinary iodine of men aged 18 - 45 were 131.7 and 154.5 μg/L, respectively.
Conclusions
After 3 year promotion of new standard iodized salt, the iodine status of pregnant women in urban, breastfeeding women, 0 - 2 years old infants, children aged 8 to 10 and adults aged 18 to 45 is adequate, but the pregnant women in rural has showed iodine deficiency. So surveillance and health education should be continuously strengthened in the future. Scientific salt iodization should continue to ensure the amount of iodine intake.
Key words:
Iodine; Nutrition; Monitoring; Urine; Salts
SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system is a basic infrastructure of modern power systems. SCADA data are widely used in applications such as state estimation, power flow calculation, and on-line security assessment. The accuracy of the SCADA data directly affects the implementation of power system automatic control. In practice, the error of the SCADA data may deviate from its factory precision due to the influence of the equipment aging, data transmission and so on. To quantitatively evaluate the validity of the SCADA data, a consistency index is defined in this paper. Some SCADA data from several substations of a power gird is checked with the consistency index to reveal its reliability.
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