Gyula Balka

University of Veterinary Medicine

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Lilla Dénes

University of Veterinary Medicine

Andrea Ladinig

University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna

Miklós Rusvai

University of Veterinary Medicine

Anna Szilasi

University of Veterinary Medicine

ÁB

Ádám Bálint

National Food Chain Safety Office

Csaba Jakab

University of Veterinary Medicine

Barbara Igriczi

University of Veterinary Medicine

Míra Mándoki

University of Veterinary Medicine

ÁH

Ákos Hornyák

Institute for Veterinary Medical Research

Dávid Géza Horváth

University of Veterinary Medicine

Cooperative Institutions

University of Veterinary Medicine

Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna

Semmelweis University

University of Pecs

Institute for Veterinary Medical Research

Eötvös Loránd University

National Food Chain Safety Office

University of Szeged

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Immunohistochemical characterization of type II pneumocyte proliferation after PRRSV (Type I) challenge

Gyula Balka Andrea Ladinig Mathias Ritzmann Armin Saalmüller Wilhelm Gerner

The study aimed to histologically and immunohistochemically characterize lung lesions after a challenge with a recently isolated PRRSV field strain in growing pigs 10 and 21 days post infection (DPI). In the first phase of the study lung lesions were evaluated microscopically on routine haematoxylin and eosin stained slides. The evaluation was performed as a blinded analysis and the lesions were scored based on the following criteria: (1) pneumocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, (2) septal mononuclear infiltration, (3) intraalveolar necrotic debris, (4) intraalveolar inflammatory cell accumulation and (5) perivascular inflammatory cell accumulation. For further characterization of the lung lesions, immunohistochemical stainings were performed using anti-cytokeratin, anti-Ki67, anti-TTF-1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor-1), anti-myeloid receptor (MAC387), and anti-PRRSV antibodies to identify alveolar epithelial cells, proliferating cells, type II pneumocytes, macrophages, and PRRSV antigen, respectively. The evaluation of the immunohistochemical stainings revealed that humanized anti TTF-1 antibodies can successfully identify type II pneumocytes in porcine lung tissue. Marked proliferation of these cells was confirmed by a significant (p<0.05) increase of TTF-1 positive cells in acute cases compared to the lungs of control pigs. Cytokeratin labeling marked the type I, and type II pneumocytes as well as bronchial epithelial cells, however this staining was not suitable for cell counting purposes. When the routine histological scores were compared to the number of immunohistochemically positive cells, Ki67 cell counts were found to show positive correlation (p<0.05) with the overall severity of the lesions.

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A macskák retrovírus-fertőzései: Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) - Irodalmi áttekintés. I. rész

Anna Szilasi Gyula Balka

Feline immunodeficiency virus

Feline leukemia virus

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Point-of-Care and Label-Free Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Swine Influenza Viruses Using a Microfluidic Device with Photonic Integrated Circuits

Viruses (2022)

Georgios Manessis Maciej Frant Grzegorz Woźniakowski Lapo Nannucci Martina Benedetti

Swine viral diseases challenge the sector’s sustainability by affecting productivity and the health and welfare of the animals. The lack of antiviral drugs and/or effective vaccines renders early and reliable diagnosis the basis of viral disease management, underlining the importance of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. A novel POC diagnostic device utilizing photonic integrated circuits (PICs), microfluidics, and information and communication technologies for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A (SIV) was validated using spiked and clinical oral fluid samples. Metrics including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the performance of the device. For PRRSV, the device achieved a sensitivity of 83.5%, specificity of 77.8%, and DOR values of 17.66, whereas the values for SIV were 81.8%, 82.2%, and 20.81, respectively. The POC device and PICs can be used for the detection of PRRSV and SIV in the field, paving the way for the introduction of novel technologies in the field of animal POC diagnostics to further optimize livestock biosecurity.

10.3390/v14050988

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Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans infections revealed dominant genotypes in waterfowls diagnosed with esophageal mycosis

Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2023)

Marianna Domán László Makrai Balázs Vásárhelyi Gyula Balka Krisztiàn Bányai

Fungal infections of animals could yield significant economic losses, especially in the poultry industry, due to their adverse effects on growth, feed intake, digestion, and reproduction. Previous investigations showed that Candida albicans plays the main etiological role in the esophageal mycosis of birds. In this study, we used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine the population structure and molecular epidemiology of C. albicans isolated from geese and ducks in Hungary. Interestingly, only three known genotypes were identified among investigated flocks, namely, diploid sequence type (DST) 840, DST 656, and DST 605, suggesting the intra-species transmission of these genotypes. Additionally, two novel allele combinations (new DSTs) were found that have not been previously submitted to the MLST database. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates revealed a close relationship between DST 656 and DST 605 as well as between the two newly identified genotypes (designated DST 3670 and DST 3671). Although isolates from birds belonged to minor clades in contrast with most human isolates, no species-specificity was observed. Poultry-derived isolates were group founders or closely related to group founders of clonal complexes, suggesting that C. albicans is exposed to lesser selective pressure in animal hosts. The increasing number of genetic information in the C. albicans MLST database could help to reveal the epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary pathways that are essential for disease prevention strategies.

Multilocus sequence typing

Molecular Epidemiology

10.3389/fvets.2023.1215624

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COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 UKRAINIAN ISOLATES

Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series Biology (2016)

L. V. Dudar V. P. Polischuk L. Budzanivska Gyula Balka Attila Cságola

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with distinct syndromes and diseases in swine, collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), which include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2-associated pneumonia as a part of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), PCV2-associated enteritis, PCV2-associated reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) (1–3). PCV2-infection is widespread and essentially all pig herds are infected with PCV2. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae, is a very small single-stranded negative-sense DNA virus of approximately 1.7 kb (4). The genome of PCV2 encodes three major open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replicase proteins (ORF1), the viral capsid protein (ORF2), and a protein with suggested apoptotic activity (ORF3) (5). Previous reports showed that there were five PCV2 genotypes, including PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, PCV2d, and PCV2e (6– 9). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Ukrainian PCV2 isolates from different regions of Ukraine.

ORFS

Circovirus

10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.5-8

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Full-length genome sequence analysis of a Hungarian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated from a pig with severe respiratory disease

Archives of Virology (2014)

Ádám Bálint Gyula Balka Péter Horváth S. Kecskeméti Ádám Dán

Strain (injury)

10.1007/s00705-014-2265-2

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Influence of deoxynivalenol-contaminated feed on the immune response of pigs after PRRSV vaccination and infection

Archives of Toxicology (2023)

Alix Pierron Eleni Vatzia Maria Stadler Kerstin H. Mair Selma Schmidt

The impact of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccination and infection was investigated. Forty-two weaned piglets were separated into seven groups and received three different diets: Low DON (1.09 ppm), High DON (2.81 ppm) or No DON. These three treatments were split further into either vaccinated (Ingelvac PRRSFLEX EU) and challenged with PRRSV 28 days post-vaccination, or only infected at day 28. A seventh group received no DON, no vaccination, and no infection. Two weeks after challenge infection, when pigs were euthanized, the number of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes in the blood of vaccinated animals was lower in pigs on High DON compared to animals on Low DON or No DON. Intracellular cytokine staining showed that vaccinated animals fed with the Low DON diet had higher frequencies of TNF-α/IFN-γ co-producing CD4+ T cells than the other two vaccinated groups, particularly in lung tissue. Vaccinated animals on High DON had similar viral loads in the lung as the non-vaccinated groups, but several animals of the Low DON or No DON group receiving vaccination had reduced titers. In these two groups, there was a negative correlation between lung virus titers and vaccine-specific TNF-α/IFN-γ co-producing CD4+ T cells located either in lung tissue or blood. These results indicate that after PRRSV vaccination and infection, high levels of DON negatively influence immune parameters and clearance of the virus, whereas low DON concentrations have immunomodulatory effects.

10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9

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Expression of claudins in the normal canine gastric mucosa

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica (2013)

Roland Psáder Csaba Jakab Ákos Máthé Gyula Balka Kinga Pápa

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression pattern of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -10 and -18 in the intact fundic and pyloric gastric mucosa of dogs. Intense, linear, membranous claudin-18 positivity was detected in the surface gastric cells and in the epithelial cells of the gastric glands both in the fundic and pyloric stomach regions. The mucous neck cells in the apical part of the glands, furthermore the parietal cells and chief cells of the basal part of the gland were all positive for claudin-18, in the same way as the enteroendocrine cells. Cells of the basal part of the pyloric glands showed intense, linear, membranous claudin-2 positivity, but cells of the superficial portion of these glands and the surface gastric cells in this region were claudin-2 negative. Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, lymphocytes of the propria layer, smooth muscle cells and vegetative neurons were all negative for claudin-2. All gastric epithelial cells were negative for claudin-1, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8 and -10. The endothelial cells of the propria layer had intense claudin-5 positivity. We assume that claudin-18 forms a paracellular barrier against gastric acid in the healthy canine stomach, in the same way as in mice.

Foveolar cell

Enterochromaffin-like cell

Claudin

Gastric chief cell

Gastric glands

Enteroendocrine cell

Basal (medicine)

G cell

10.1556/avet.2013.053

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Multiple Co-Infecting Caliciviruses in Oral Fluid and Enteric Samples of Swine Detected by a Novel RT-qPCR Assay and a 3′RACE-PCR-NGS Method

Viruses (2025)

Zoltán László Péter Pankovics Péter Urbán Róbert Herczeg Gyula Balka

Caliciviruses including noro- and sapoviruses of family Caliciviridae are important enteric human and swine pathogens, while others, like valoviruses, are less known. In this study, we developed a detection and typing pipeline for the most prevalent swine enteric caliciviruses—sapovirus GIII (Sw-SaV), norovirus GII (Sw-NoV), and valovirus GI (Sw-VaV). The pipeline integrates triplex RT-qPCR, 3′RACE semi-nested PCR, and next-generation sequencing (NovaSeq, Illumina) techniques. A small-scale epidemiological investigation was conducted on archived enteric and, for the first time, on oral fluid/saliva samples of diarrheic and asymptomatic swine of varying ages from Hungary and Slovakia. In enteric samples, Sw-SaV was the most prevalent, detected in 26.26% of samples, primarily in diarrheic pigs with low Cq values, followed by Sw-NoV (2.53%) in nursery pigs. In oral fluid samples, Sw-NoV predominated (7.46%), followed by Sw-SaV (4.39%). Sw-VaVs were sporadically found in both sample types. A natural, asymptomatic Sw-SaV outbreak was retrospectively detected where the transient shedding of the virus was <2 weeks. Complete capsid sequences (n = 59; 43 Sw-SaV, 13 Sw-NoV, and 3 Sw-VaV) including multiple (up to five) co-infecting variants were identified. Sw-SaV sequences belong to seven genotypes, while Sw-NoV and Sw-VaV strains clustered into distinct sub-clades, highlighting the complex diversity of these enteric caliciviruses in swine.

Sapovirus

10.3390/v17020193

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Kutya klaudin-5-pozitív perianalis collisiós vegyes bordaganata

Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja (2010)

Légrády Andrés Jakab Csaba Miklós Rusvai Gyula Balka Kulka Janina

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