Violence and aggression have become pervasive in the modern world. This research paper sets out to examine the themes of violence and aggression in Edward Bond’s rational theatre. What is most striking about Bond’s plays is his representation of visible violence and insanity on an amplified scale and his refusal to accept the conventional limits in his critique of society through an unconventional structuring of the elements of violence and aggression. Bond’s plays navigate through different forms of crude and macabre forms of violence. By managing such forms of violence on the stage, Bond’s theatre for social change challenges diverse misleading rationalist and realist interpretations, myths, and fallacies of violence and dismantles them through unconventional treatment and interrogation of aggression and irrationality. The article draws on various theoretical perspectives on violence as set forth by Domenach (1981), Galtung (1981), Joxe (1981), and Freire (1970). This close reading of Bond’s texts helps establish that the foundations of Bond’s rational theatre are, in fact, laid on politics of violence portrayed in all its transgressive excesses, ambivalence, and graphic visuality. This alternative reading of Bond’s political vision through a range of theoretical perspectives also helps appreciate the breadth and depth of Bond’s political vision. The paper also conceptualizes the notion of Arts-Based Training (ABT) that delves into the application of improvisational theatre techniques within management development. Understanding a phenomenon through a theatrical approach proves to be effective for advancing management development by actively engaging managers in an in-depth exploration of problems and the creation of solutions.
Amitrityline and its metabolite nortriptiline are tricyclic antidepressant drugs widely used for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. Several methods have been published for the determination of these two antidepressant drugs in pharmaceuticals, biological materials and environmental samples. In this review some of analytical techniques such as ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, capillary electrophoresis, and chromatographic methods (gaschromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography) were discussed. Although HPLC and capillary electrophoresis methods are extensively employed in spite of that UV/VIS spectrophotometry are still popular because of the inherent simplicity, low cost, and reliability for determination of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations.
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a very encouraging technology for producing electrical power from aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of inorganic and organic matter in wastewater using electrogens as biocatalysts while simultaneously treating the wastewater. However, the overall cost of microbial fuel cell components in relation with low performance are the two major obstacles to commercialization. Recently, MFC's performance has been enhanced by using cheaper nanocomposite materials such as nano-structured carbon in the electrodes that are more mechanically stabile and conductive with larger surface area and higher electrochemical catalytic activity compared to the conventional platinum on carbon. This communication tries to highlight the broad-spectrum advancement of different nanocomposite materials that have been used as electrode material in the MFC in recent years for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater.
The study aims to explore the diversity of learning materials in enhancing English proficiency by evaluating Cambridge IELTS Test Papers. This study thoroughly evaluates the Cambridge IELTS test papers ranging from volume one (1996) to volume seventeen (June 2022). While analyzing study results using the cognitive ability of the authors, this study also uses secondary data collected from videos, journal articles, Cambridge IELTS test papers, and organization websites. This study finds 1082 categories of various topics under 22 different areas related to art, academic, agriculture, archaeology, business, culture, economics, education, entertainment, environment, health issues, history, human resources, information technology (IT), language, media, psychology, science, social issues, sports, transportation, tourism, and miscellaneous. Science and academic areas cover most topics; eventually, business overtook all. In addition to the diversity of learning materials, this study also critically defines the diversity of range, length, source, and test format assessment criteria. Finally, this study presents a set of guidelines for improving language skills among learners. Within the guidelines, we argue that English language learners should start learning with preferred topics and proceed to learn with enough variety of learning materials daily. They can make a plan for one week with enough variety and must stick to that study plan. Listening is an excellent start to becoming a master of a foreign language. This set of guidelines is a complete guide to learning English, from which IELTS test takers would benefit. However, this study needs more evidence from empirical research about to what extent the diversity of learning materials influences learning levels among learners worldwide, which future research could cover.
Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1 to 100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-ageing lotion, sun-screens and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments.
A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of doxepin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. It is based on the formation of ion-pair complex between doxepin and alizarin red S at pH 3.09. The ion pair complex was extracted in dichloromethane and the fluorescence intensity was measured at 560 nm after excitation at 490 nm. The optimum conditions for determination were also investigated. The linear range and detection limit were found to be 2–14 and 0.55 μg/ml, respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of drug in commercial dosage forms. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvant. Statistical comparison of the results obtained by the proposed method with that of the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
Inspired by nature, significant research efforts have been made to discover the diverse range of biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug development, disease diagnosis, biomedical testing, therapy, etc. Polymers as bioinspired materials with extreme wettable properties, such as superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces, have received considerable interest in the past due to their multiple applications in anti-fogging, anti-icing, self-cleaning, oil–water separation, biosensing, and effective transportation of water. Apart from the numerous technological applications for extreme wetting and self-cleaning products, recently, super-wettable surfaces based on polymeric materials have also emerged as excellent candidates in studying biological processes. In this review, we systematically illustrate the designing and processing of artificial, super-wettable surfaces by using different polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, molecular recognition, and diagnosis. Special attention has been paid to applications concerning the identification, control, and analysis of exceedingly small molecular amounts and applications permitting high cell and biomaterial cell screening. Current outlook and future prospects are also provided.
Dyes are an important class of organic pollutants and are well known for their hazardous effects on aquatic life in general and human beings in particular. In order to reduce the negative effects of dye contaminated wastewater on humans and the environment, the wastewater must be treated carefully before discharge into main streams. Advances in science and technology have led to the evolution of several techniques for the removal of dyes from industrial and domestic effluents. In this review, the more recent methods for the removal of dyes from water and wastewater have been discussed. Wastewater treatment techniques such as adsorption, oxidation, flocculation–coagulation, membrane filtration and biological treatment have been highlighted. In addition, efforts were made to review all the available techniques and recently published studies from 2010–2014. Furthermore, the performance and special features of these technologies have been summarised. Advantages and limitations of each technique are also presented. A thorough literature survey revealed that chemical oxidation, adsorption, and biological treatments have been the most frequently investigated techniques for dye removal over the past few years.
Because of the increasing rate of reduction of nonrenewable energy due to depletion of fossil fuel resources, larger attention has been focused on renewable energy storing systems. One of the important devices among energy storage devices is the supercapacitor, which shows definite capacitance. Polyaniline (PANI) is a multipurpose and well-known conducting polymer that has shown outstanding electrochemical properties such as high stability, and its synthesis factor makes it more valuable. This polymer has been extensively employed for energy storing applications, moreover as a conducting mediator and as an electroactive substantial due to reasonable pseudocapacitive behavior because of its several oxidation states. This polymer (PANI) has been widely employed in the preparation of supercapacitors. In the previous periods, scholars have deliberated the morphology effect during the preparation of PANI along with its electrochemical properties. It is already well known that PANIs conductivity and its electrochemical aspects gain influence through several types of dopant materials. In this chapter, PANI is considered as an important supercapacitor, and some basic fundamental properties are summarized here. Finally, the future outlook and recent electrochemical performance through fabricated supercapacitors, which are based on PANI electroactive materials, are summarized.
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