Agnieszka Kołakowska

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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Tomasz Nasiłowski

Atotech (United States)

ŁS

Łukasz Szostkiewicz

Warsaw University of Technology

Paweł Mergo

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

Dawid Budnicki

T. Tenderenda

Maksymilian Pluta Institute of Applied Optics

Anna Pytel

Rzeszów University of Technology

Marek Napierała

Atotech (United States)

ŁO

Ł. Ostrowski

Warsaw University of Technology

K. I. Wysokiński

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

M. Murawski

University College London

Cooperative Institutions

Military University of Technology in Warsaw

Maksymilian Pluta Institute of Applied Optics

Warsaw University of Technology

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

Institute of Physics

Atotech (United States)

WB Electronics (Poland)

Wrocław University of Science and Technology

Universidad de Alcalá

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All-fiber 1 x 7 optical power splitter

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2015)

Anna Pytel Ł. Ostrowski M. Murawski Łukasz Szostkiewicz Agnieszka Kołakowska

The authors designed and fabricated optical power splitters, which make an alternative solution to existing commercial products. The proposed solutions use multicore microstructured optical fiber designed for new generation telecommunication networks made in Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) system. The splitters presented in this paper aim to have low loss and to be compatible with existing elements of optical networks, and in the same time to eliminate disadvantages of existing splitters. Two designs presented in this paper are made in all-fiber technology in order to ensure high environmental stability. The authors present detailed description and experimental results for both optical power splitters' designs.

Splitter

10.1117/12.2228816

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Passive fiber optic temperature sensor for safety applications

Agnieszka Kołakowska K. I. Wysokiński Janusz D. Fidelus Stanisław Lipiński Małgorzata Kuklińska

Fiber optic sensors (FOS) are insensitive to external EM fields and are intrinsically safe (as no electrical power is needed at the sensing point), so the measurement can be performed in areas where standard electronic devices cannot easily be applied. What is more, due to the very low silica fiber attenuation the measurement point can be located kilometers away from a light source and detector, which makes the sensors independent of a local power source. Furthermore the FOS are small so they can be used for sensing in mechanical mechanisms where there is not much free space. They can also be easily integrated with the structure of different materials for military applications (e.g. in tanks and airplanes). In this work we propose an intrinsically safe temperature sensor based on fiber optic technology. The presented sensor is entirely passive and benefits from all of the advantages mentioned above, which allows it to be applied in the most demanding environments. The construction of the presented sensor is based on a dedicated microstructured optical fiber which allows both the range and sensitivity of the sensor to be adjusted to a specific application.

10.1117/12.2278508

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High-resolution distributed shape sensing using phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry and multicore fibers

Optics Express (2019)

Łukasz Szostkiewicz Marcelo A. Soto Zhisheng Yang Alejandro Domínguez-López Itxaso Parola

In this paper, a highly-sensitive distributed shape sensor based on a multicore fiber (MCF) and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The implemented system features a high strain sensitivity (down to ∼0.3 µɛ) over a 24 m-long MCF with a spatial resolution of 10 cm. The results demonstrate good repeatability of the relative fiber curvature and bend orientation measurements. Changes in the fiber shape are successfully retrieved, showing detectable displacements of the free moving fiber end as small as 50 µm over a 60 cm-long fiber. In addition, the proposed technique overcomes cross-sensitivity issues between strain and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented in this work provide the first demonstration of distributed shape sensing based on φ-OTDR using MCFs. This high-sensitivity technique proves to be a promising approach for a wide range of new applications such as dynamic, long distance and three-dimensional distributed shape sensing.

Reflectometry

10.1364/oe.27.020763

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Citations (36)

High-Resolution Distributed Differential Curvature Measurement Based on Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry and Multi-Core Fiber

26th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (2018)

Łukasz Szostkiewicz Zhisheng Yang Marcelo A. Soto Alejandro Domínguez-López Anna Pytel

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text L. Szostkiewicz, Z. Yang, M. A. Soto, A. Dominguez-Lopez, A. Pytel, A. Kolakowska, M. Jóźwik, K. Markiewicz, M. Napierala, L. Thévenaz, and T. Nasilowski, "High-Resolution Distributed Differential Curvature Measurement Based on Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry and Multi-Core Fiber," in 26th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, OSA Technical Digest (Optica Publishing Group, 2018), paper WC4. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article

Reflectometry

Optical time-domain reflectometer

10.1364/ofs.2018.wc4

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A fiber optic temperature sensor based on multi-core microstructured fiber with coupled cores for high temperature environment

Anna Mąkowska Łukasz Szostkiewicz Agnieszka Kołakowska Janusz D. Fidelus Tomasz Stańczyk

Sensors based on fiber optics are irreplaceable wherever immunity to strong electro-magnetic fields or safe operation in explosive atmospheres is needed. Furthermore, it is often essential to be able to monitor high temperatures of over 500°C in such environments (e.g. in cooling systems or equipment monitoring in power plants). In order to meet this demand, we have designed and manufactured a fiber optic sensor with which temperatures up to 900°C can be measured. The sensor utilizes multi-core fibers which are recognized as the dedicated medium for telecommunication or shape sensing, but as we show may be also deployed advantageously in new types of fiber optic temperature sensors. The sensor presented in this paper is based on a dual-core microstructured fiber Michelson interferometer. The fiber is characterized by strongly coupled cores, hence it acts as an all-fiber coupler, but with an outer diameter significantly wider than a standard fused biconical taper coupler, which significantly increases the coupling region's mechanical reliability. Owing to the proposed interferometer imbalance, effective operation and high-sensitivity can be achieved. The presented sensor is designed to be used at high temperatures as a result of the developed low temperature chemical process of metal (copper or gold) coating. The hermetic metal coating can be applied directly to the silica cladding of the fiber or the fiber component. This operation significantly reduces the degradation of sensors due to hydrolysis in uncontrolled atmospheres and high temperatures.

Cladding (metalworking)

Plastic-clad silica fiber

10.1117/12.2290780

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Strain sensor based on sectional crosstalk change in dual-core fibers

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2017)

Anna Ziołowicz Agnieszka Kołakowska Łukasz Szostkiewicz Beata Bienkowska Dawid Budnicki

Multi-core fibers are recognized as the medium designed to be used in telecommunication for space division multiplexing. At the same time, they can be advantageously used in sensor technology. The most crucial parameter for multi-core fibers is crosstalk, as its presence at a high level is found to be highly undesirable in telecommunication applications. However, this phenomenon can be used advantageously in the construction of new types of fiber optic sensor. For the strain sensor, we used a dual-core microstructured fiber. In the research presented, we take advantage of the technology of fiber post-processing, namely fiber tapering. This treatment, which enables changes in the conditions for interference between supermodes, makes the fiber sensitive to elongation. In the un-tapered section, supermodes do not interfere efficiently (crosstalk <-50 dB), whereas in the tapered section the crosstalk increases significantly (crosstalk = 0 dB meaning all the power from one core can be transferred to the neighboring core), creating a strain sensitive area. The distribution of power between the cores of a multi-core fiber at the output of the sample depends on the elongation of the sample. The strain value can be read off both in the domain of power and wavelength. Research results show that sensor performance can be adjusted by changing the taper length and ratio. The results presented are promising for the construction of a temperature independent strain sensor, whose strain sensitivity (17nm/mε) is far better than optical fiber sensors based on Fiber Bragg Gratings. Meanwhile, the temperature sensitivity is negligible assuring no cross-sensitivity.

Crosstalk

Fiber Bragg Grating

10.1117/12.2252773

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Brillouin scattering effect in the multicore optical fiber applied to fiber optic shape sensing

Paweł Mergo Tomasz Nasiłowski Barbara Wajnchold Anna Pytel Agnieszka Kołakowska

A shape sensor exploiting Brillouin scattering measurements in multicore fibers is presented. Based on previous reports¹, the shape sensor's principle of operation is firstly described. The presented idea is realized through Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) measurements in the time domain along the entire multicore fiber. The BFS value is related to the strain value in each core and the differential inter-core strains lead to the bend radius and orientation. Authors present an experimental demonstration of the shape sensor using a 7-core microstructured optical fiber.

Brillouin zone

Multi-core processor

10.1117/12.2279528

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Influence of high temperatures on optical fibers coated with multilayer protective coatings

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2015)

Tomasz Stańczyk Janusz D. Fidelus K. I. Wysokiński Stanisław Lipiński T. Tenderenda

In this work we present an innovative method of enhancing optical fibers' resistance to extremely high temperatures by deposition of a multilayer metal coating on the fibers' surface. Such multilayer coating is necessary because of the silica degradation at elevated temperatures. Despite the fact that copper coated fibers work well at temperatures up to 400°C, at higher temperatures copper oxidizes and can no longer protect the fiber. To hold back the copper oxidation and silica degradation processes we developed a dedicated multilayer coating which allows fibers to operate at temperatures up to 700°C. The optimal protective layer has been chosen after numerous high-temperature tests, where copper plates coated with different kinds of coatings were evaluated. What is more, we present results of the high-temperature reliability tests of copper coated fibers protected with our multilayer coating. Performed tests proved that our solution significantly improved optical fibers' reliability to both: elevated temperatures and rapid changes of temperature. Furthermore the developed metal coatings allow fibers' to be electrolytically bonded to other metal elements (e.g. sensor transducers) what makes them great candidates for harsh environment fiber optic sensor applications.

Degradation

Optical coating

Silica fiber

Plastic-clad silica fiber

10.1117/12.2225437

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Citations (5)

Overcoming the capacity crunch: ITU-T G.657.B3 compatible 7-core and 19-core hole-assisted fibers

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE (2017)

Anna Ziołowicz Łukasz Szostkiewicz Ł. Ostrowski T. Tenderenda Marta Napierała

We present the novel 7-core and 19-core hole-assisted fibers designed to satisfy the most demanding requirements of the ITU-T G.657.B3 recommendation for bend-insensitive fibers. The fibers are compatible with standard single-mode fibers with regard to modal properties, dispersion characteristics, and transmission loss. The fibers presented exhibit no crosstalk and it is possible to use them together with other multiplexing methods like CWDM or DWDM. Dedicated fanin/ fan-outs have been created in order to make immediate use in industry possible. The hole-assisted 19-core fiber with single-mode cores is being presented for the very first time.

Crosstalk

Optical add-drop multiplexer

Multi-core processor

10.1117/12.2252366

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Citations (3)

Metal-coated optical fibers for high temperature sensing applications

Tomasz Nasiłowski Janusz D. Fidelus K. I. Wysokiński Tomasz Stańczyk Agnieszka Kołakowska

An novel low-temperature method was used to enhance the corrosion resistance of copper or gold-coated optical fibers. A characterization of the elaborated materials and reports on selected studies such as cyclic temperature tests together with tensile tests is presented. Gold-coated optical fibers are proposed as a component of optical fiber sensors working in oxidizing atmospheres under temperatures exceeding ~900 °C.

10.1117/12.2278667

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