María Dolores Bejarano Carrión

Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral

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Álvaro Francisco Sordo Ward

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Carlos Alonso

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Diego García de Jalón

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Christer Nilsson

Lund University

Jaime H. García‐Palacios

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Miguel Marchamalo

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

José Reinoso-Tigre

Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral

Víctor Asenjo Díaz

Ernesto Martínez

Universitat de Lleida

Luís Garrote

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

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Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral

Universidad de Guadalajara

National University of the Northeast

National Sedimentation Laboratory

Agricultural Research Service

University of Cienfuegos

Catholic University of Ávila

Michigan Technological University

Lund University

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Herramientas para la cuantificación del impacto hidrológico y ecológico de la producción hidroeléctrica

María Dolores Bejarano Carrión Jaime H. García‐Palacios Álvaro Francisco Sordo Ward Carlos Alonso Christer Nilsson

La energia hidroelectrica esta siendo fomentada a nivel mundial por ser renovable y limpia. Sin embargo, su produccion conlleva impactos al ecosistema fluvial, destacando las consecuencias ecologicas de la alteracion de los regimenes naturales de caudales. Concretamente, las centrales a pie de presa operan de forma intermitente de acuerdo a los precios y a la demanda de energia, que varian de forma instantanea, provocando el fenomeno del hydropeaking. El hydropeaking consiste en la variacion frecuente y rapida del caudal en un breve periodo de tiempo, generalmente a lo largo del dia (variaciones intra-dia o instantaneas), y que resulta en alteraciones de parametros hidraulicos como el nivel del agua, la velocidad del flujo, o la tension de arrastre, de la morfologia fluvial y la calidad del agua. En este trabajo se presenta una herramienta informatica (InSTHAn) para el analisis de series largas de caudal y nivel medidas a cualquier escala temporal intra-diaria. InSTHAn permite caracterizar y evaluar el grado de alteracion de una serie instantanea de caudales (y niveles) mediante el calculo rapido y sencillo de 35 indicadores (Short-Term Characterization e Impact Indicators; STCI y STII). Tambien se discute la utilidad de InSTHAn en el desarrollo de modelos hydropeaking ? impacto ecologico. Para ello, se presentan de forma sucinta los resultados de un ensayo experimental en el que se relaciono el hydropeaking con el estado de las comunidades riparias. Ume y Vindel han sido los rios escogidos en el norte de Suecia para la aplicacion de InSTHAn y los ensayos de campo, el primero regulado por una serie de centrales hidroelectricas, y el segundo totalmente inalterado. El conocimiento cientifico y las nuevas herramientas generados en este trabajo permiten identificar los escenarios de operacion que minimizan el impacto sobre el bosque ripario y maximizan la produccion hidroelectrica, asi como las mas efectivas estrategias de restauracion de dicho ecosistema.

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Assessment of droughts at a continental scale under different climate change scenarios. Case study: La Plata Basin

Álvaro Francisco Sordo Ward Ana Iglesias Picazo Luís Garrote María Dolores Bejarano Carrión Víctor Asenjo Díaz

In this study, we characterized and diagnosed the droughts across La Plata Basin for the reference (1961 - 2005) and future (2007 - 2040, 2041 - 2070 and 2071 - 2099) scenarios. La Plata Basin is located in the Centre-South of South America and comprises 3.174.229 km2 and five countries. Despite the significant impact of droughts on agriculture, cattle, water supply, natural water courses and wetlands, droughts are still difficult to predict in the region, both in time and space. We used the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to characterize droughts based on Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) and Precipitation (P) at a monthly scale. PET and P were obtained for all 10 x 10 km-size cells within the basin by using the regional climatic model Eta, under the boundary conditions of the HadGEM2-ES model and the CO2 emissions scenario RCP 4.5. Cell to cell information was integrated into a sub-basin level in order to show and analyze the results. For each sub-basin, climate scenario, and temporal scale of SPEI (1, 3, 6 and 12 months), we identified the beginning of each drought, calculated its duration, magnitude, maximum and mean intensities, and the duration between drought events. Additionally, for each SPEI temporal scale and sub-basin, we described the spatial coverage of droughts for the temporal series of all climate scenarios. Spatially, we found a decrease of PET from North to South. Temporally, results showed a future increase of PET for the Paraguay river basin and upper Parana river basin but similar to present values for the remaining basin. Results showed that P will be similar in the future for the Paraguay river basin and upper Parana river basin, but will increase within the remaining basin. During the 2007 - 2040 scenario, we expect that the northern sub-basins suffer from several droughts while the southern ones have wetter climate with few short drought events. As we analyzed more distant future scenarios the wet climate spreads towards northern sub-basins and droughts became less intense. Similarly, the area covered by droughts for each sub-basin, in general, tended to decrease in the farther future. Finally, the results highlight a significant heterogeneity of droughts (occurrence and drought characteristics) in La Plata Basin.

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Caracterización y clasificación de los regimenes de caudales de la cuenca del Ebro en función de su fluctuación intranual

María Dolores Bejarano Carrión Miguel Marchamalo Diego García de Jalón

Las pautas naturales de fluctuacion intranual de los caudales varian de unos rios a otros condicionando, tanto de forma directa como de forma indirecta mediante su efecto dinamizador de las caracteristicas fisicas que subyacen las comunidades biologicas, la distribucion de las especies, su capacidad adaptativa, su capacidad de supervivencia, de dispersion, de reproduccion,… y en definitiva la biodiversidad, produccion y sostenibilidad de cada ecosistema fluvial.

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MODELIZACION PANEUROPEA DE LAS COMUNIDADES PISCICOLAS PARA LA DETERMINACION DEL ESTADO AMBIENTAL DE LOS RIOS: APLICACIÓN A LA CUENCA DEL TAJO

Carlos Alonso María Dolores Bejarano Carrión Diego García de Jalón Joaquín Solana Gutiérrez

El presente articulo describe la metodologia EFI+ cuyo objetivo es obtener el estatus ecologico de las masas de agua europeas basandose en variables descriptoras de las comunidades piscicolas. Partiendo de una base de datos paneuropea de inventarios de pesca electrica, se ha seleccionado un conjunto de variables descriptoras relativas a la riqueza, abundancia y densidad de las comunidades piscicolas que evaluan el estado ambiental de los rios. Con el analisis, seleccion y mejora de este conjunto de variables ecologicas descriptoras se ha identificado a cuatro de ellas que presentan buenas propiedades estadisticas para medir el estado ambiental de los rios en un contexto europeo. Mediante un proceso de modelizacion, estandarizacion y estratificacion de estas variables descriptoras se han generado cuatro variables indicadoras o metricas del estatus ecologico de los rios. Para facilitar el calculo de las metricas EFI+ se ha confeccionado una aplicacion web cliente-servidor de acceso publico. Finalmente, la metodologia EFI+ ha sido aplicada a 66 puntos de muestreo de la cuenca del rio Tajo, obteniendose unos resultados que, por una parte, avalan la bondad de las variables descriptoras seleccionadas pero tambien conducen a un mejor replanteo de la zonacion aplicada en las cuencas mediterraneas peninsulares.

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Design of a Scale Fluidized Bed Dryer for Laboratory

Elżbieta Płaza Ernesto Martínez Juan Peralta Fausto Maldonado José Reinoso-Tigre

10.18687/laccei2023.1.1.1366

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Riparian woodland encroachment following flow regulation: a comparative study of Boreal and Mediterranean streams

María Dolores Bejarano Carrión Álvaro Francisco Sordo Ward

Water development accompanying mankind development has turned rivers into endangered ecosystems. Improving the understanding of ecological responses to river management actions is a key issue for assuring sustainable water management. However, few studies have been published where ecological metrics have been quantified in response to various degrees of flow alteration. In this work, changes in natural distribution of trees and shrubs within the riparian corridor (as indicator of the ecological status of the fluvial ecosystem) were quantified at multiple sites along a flow alteration gradient (as indicator of impact) along two regulated river reaches, one Boreal and the other Mediterranean, each downstream of a dam. Based on the obtained relationships we evaluated differences in response trends related to local physico-climatic factors of the two biomes and regarding to differing life-forms. Woody vegetation establishment patterns represented objective indicators of ecological responses to flow alteration. We found different responses between life-forms. Both trees and shrubs migrated downwards to the channel after dam closure, but shrubs were most impacted under higher degrees of flow alteration in terms of lateral movement. In addition, our results show clear longitudinal recovery trends of natural patterns of tree and shrub distribution corresponding to a decrease in intensity of hydrologic alteration in the Boreal river. However, vegetation encroachment persisted along the entire Mediterranean study reach. This may result from a relatively low gradient of decrease of hydrologic alteration with distance from the dam, coupled with other overlapping pressures and the mediating effect of physico-climatic characteristics on vegetation responses.

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Ecohydrology

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Respuesta de la vegetación leñosa de ribera a los gradientes de alteración hidrológica aguas abajo de presas. / riparian woodland responses to flow alteration gradients downstream of dams

María Dolores Bejarano Carrión

This thesis addresses jointly hydrology and stream ecology aware of the strong two-way dependence between them, with a special emphasis on the response of woody riparian vegetation to the altered flow regime. It first explores the relationships between the physical characteristics and different flow regimes present in a large heterogeneous Mediterranean basin. Subsequently, it analyzes how the riparian ecosystem is affected by flow modifications by examining its similarities to the pre-regulation conditions with increasing downstream position and decreasing hydrologic alteration from a dam. It also looks into possible influential factors on the longitudinal process of hydrologic effects, both within the physical environment and biota. This is done by examining the changes in woody vegetation attributes after damming along two regulated river systems, one Mediterranean and the other Boreal. On the one hand, this research demonstrates that the hydrology of a catchment is the result of its physical characteristics and that this relationship is strong enough to enable predictions of the expected natural flow regime of a regulated fluvial segment solely on the basis of physical, non-flow related variables. On the other hand, this work shows that flow alterations result into important changes of the establishment patterns, composition, abundance and diversity of riparian woody species. In addition, it evidences that while pre-regulation riparian conditions are progressively achieved downstream of a dam following a concomitant reduction of the degree of hydrologic alteration when other pressures are absent (e.g. Boreal river), this longitudinal gradient of impact decrease may be hindered by other disturbances such as water extraction for irrigation (e.g. Mediterranean river) and vary depending on particular characteristics of the fluvial reach. Finally, it exposes that the response of woody vegetation to a specific hydrologic change is highly contingent upon local geomorphology; that is, the triggering or decline of distinct riparian communities results from the combination of hydrologic and geomorphic conditions. The possibility of predicting the natural flow regime of fluvial segments from physiographic and climatic characteristics facilitates to set the environmental flow-goals for restoration projects where pre-regulation flow series are unavailable. On the other hand, improving our understanding of the extent of hydrologic alteration impacts on freshwater ecosystems supports stakeholders in assuring effective and sustainable strategies for managing rivers.

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