This study aimed to investigate the partial substitution of 0, 25 and 50% sodium chloride (NaCl) by potassium chloride (KCl) coupled with high-pressure processing (HPP) effects on volatile compounds and lipid oxidation of beef sausage at five (0, 3, 7, 14, and 21) different cold storage days (4°C). The odor activity values (OAV) of the various compounds were visualized by heat map analysis. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the samples treated with 100% NaCl and HPP increased by an average of 0.52 ± 0.01 mg MDA/kg compared with the control (100% NaCl-no HPP) across the 21 storage days. In addition, 50% NaCl substitution with KCl in combinations with HPP treatments increased TBARS across the 21 storage days by an average of 0.40 ± 0.02 mg MDA/kg compared with no HPP treatment. However, on day 3, there was a sharp decrease in TBARS by an average of 0.10 ± 0.01 mg MDA/kg compared with days 0, 7, 14, and 21 in all treatments. At the end of 21 days of storage, a total of 227 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the beef sausage, including 43 aldehydes, 46 phenols, 8 ketones, 30 alcohols, 14 acids, 12 esters, 27 terpenes, and 47 alkanes. However, no ketone compounds were detected on days 7, 14 and 21; esters on day 14 and acids on days 14 and 21 in the samples treated with or without HPP across the salts levels. However, high OAVs (OAV > 1) were obtained after partial substitution of NaCl with KCl at 25 and 50% with HPP treatment compared to the samples not treated with HPP. The aroma perceived in the beef sausage was due to compounds with the highest OAVs such as; pentadecanal, benzyl carbazate, anethole, myristicin, o-cresol, phenylacetaldehyde and (E)-methyl isoeugenol, pentadecanal, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, eugenol, trans-2-nonenal, trans-2-octenal, trans-2-decenal, 2-butyl-1-octanol, 2,3-butanedione, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, (-)-4-terpineol which had an OAV > 1 as compared to the other compounds with an OAV < 1. In conclusion, 25 and 50% NaCl partial replacement with KCl coupled with HPP technique can be considered in producing low-NaCl beef sausage in order to improve the flavor and decrease lipid oxidation during cold storage.
Insect populations and their dispersal can be altered by temperature changes. As a result, evaluating the effects of these changes on insect species' developmental stages is critical for establishing effective management measures. This study examined the developmental duration, growth, longevity, fecundity, and other population parameters in two generations of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) exposed to four different temperatures (i.e., 27 °C, 30 °C, 33 °C, and 36 °C) for four different time intervals (i.e., 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 10 h). The results indicated that nymph survival rate significantly decreased with exposure to 36 °C for 10 h in both generations (F1 and F2). The survival rate of 1st to 4th instars of F1 generation decreased by 85.0 %, 88.5 %, 85.7 %, and 83.7 % respectively at 36° C for 10 h exposure compared to the control (25 °C). Similarly, survival rate of 1st to 4th instars of F2 generation decreased by 83.7 %, 86.0 %, 82.2 %, and 78.7 %, respectively when exposed to 36 °C for 10 h compared to the control. The shortest longevity of both generations was observed under 33 °C and 36 °C exposure for 10 h. The highest and the lowest net reproductive rate (R0) for both generations was observed under exposure to 27 °C for 1 h and 36 °C for 10 h, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the two generations reached the highest level under 27 °C exposure for 1 h and the lowest was recorded for the individuals exposed to 36 °C for 10 h. The highest finite rate of increase (λ = F1, 1.41 and F2, 1.42 d−1) for two generations was examined for the individuals exposed to 27 °C for 1 h. The values of life table parameters of both generations were significantly affected under exposure to 36 °C for 10 h. The combined effect of different temperatures and time intervals on biological and life table parameters of M. persicae studied first time in this study. Therefore, our research will help in estimating the modifications that a population of M. persicae may experience in response to heat stress.
Wheat head detection is essential in estimating the important characteristics of wheat. However, detecting wheat heads in images from different domains has been challenging due to variations in domain features and environmental conditions. This research aims to improve the robustness of wheat head detection in wheat images. A combination of Fourier domain adaptation (FDA), adaptive alpha beta gamma correction (AABG) and random guided filter (RGF) preprocessing methods was applied in this study. The authors utilized FDA to reduce variations between different domains by transforming an image into the Fourier domain, aligning its distribution with a randomly selected image of another domain. AABG adjusts image properties based on local statistics of the image patches, and RGF, a technique for edge-aware image filtering, was used as augmentation. An EfficientDet model was trained on the publicly available wheat dataset and the results were analyzed and compared to a baseline model. The FDA + RGF approach achieved an improved mean average precision (mAP) of 0.6534 compared to the baseline mAP of 0.6292. Our study can contribute to advancing wheat head detection techniques in agriculture, addressing factors like variations in wheat head appearance by focusing on improving domain variation through data dependent approaches.
Salicylic acid (SA) plays many roles in plant physiology. In addition to pathogenesis-related resistance, SA is involved in the response to biotic stress. There are no adequate studies on mechanism underlying SA-mitigated Lelliottia amnigena infestations in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant. Therefore, this study evaluated the mechanisms of SA on antioxidant enzyme activity of potato plant roots under L. amnigena stress. The bacterial suspension (3.69 Ã 107 CFU mL-1) at 0.3 mL was inoculated into potato plants through stem injection. After 24 h, different SA concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) were sprayed to the potato plants, and water as control. The results showed that L. amnigena infestation decreased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content of roots by 44.8%, 11.8% and 34.8%, respectively, compared to the control. The potato plant treatment with SA increased fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water content by an average of 34.88%, 10.28% and 13.50%; increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 35.95%, 32.55%, 33.74%, 33.25%, and 38.90%; decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in potato plant roots by 42.7% and 31.1%, respectively, under L. amnigena stress compared to control. Treatment with SA induced transcriptional levels of the SOD, POD, CAT and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression across the four levels of SA by an average of 3.12-fold, 3.46-fold, 2.93-fold and 3.83-fold, respectively, compared to control. Salicylic acid increased antioxidant enzymes activity in roots of potato plant under L. amnigena stress.
Pea root rot, caused by diverse soil-borne fungi, is a significant yield reduction problem for pea production across the globe. This study focused on the isolation and identification of F. solani and F. avenacaeum from diseased pea roots collected from infested fields in Wuwei City, China. Seventeen strains designated as W1-W17 were isolated from the same diseased root. Pathogenicity test showed that the W1, W2, and W15 strains of Fusarium exhibited the highest degree of disease symptoms. Koch's Postulates were confirmed by re-isolating the strains W1, W2, and W15 in the inoculated roots. The inoculation rate was 100% and the disease index ranged from 16.7-38. Strains W1and W2 showed spindle-shaped or sickle-shaped, wider, stout, straight, or curved, mostly with 3 septa, 24.15~33.08×3.51~5.27 μm in size and strain W15 also showed eel-shaped, elongated, with obvious apical cells and podocytes, most of which had 5 septa, and the size was 47.31~68.51×3.14~4.19 μm under the microscopic observation. Phylogenetic analysis based on rDNA-ITS and EF-1α genes showed that strains W1 and W2 were 99% and 99%, closely related to F. solani with accession numbers MK110648, EU263916, MH855484, MW710931, and MG857318, MH822037, respectively and W15 was 100% each, closely related to F. avenaceum with accession numbers OK331346 MW016665, and MK572748, MN958288, and MK937121, respectively, which showed that W1 and W2 were F. solani and W15 was F. avenaceum. These studies revealed that F. solani and F. avenaceum were the two main causative agents responsible for pea root rot disease in Wuwei City, Gansu Province.
Wheat grain yield and nitrogen (N) content are influenced by the amount of N remobilized to the grain, together with pre-anthesis and post-anthesis N uptake. Isotopic techniques in farmed areas may provide insight into the mechanism underlying the N cycle. 15N-labeled urea was applied to microplots within five different fertilized treatments 0 kg ha-1 (N1), 52.5 kg ha-1 (N2), 105 kg ha-1 (N3), 157.5 kg ha-1 (N4), and 210 kg ha-1 (N5) of a long-term field trial (2003-2021) in a rainfed wheat field in the semi-arid loess Plateau, China, to determine post-anthesis N uptake and remobilization into the grain, as well as the variability of 15N enrichment in aboveground parts. Total N uptake was between 7.88 and 29.27 kg ha-1 for straw and 41.85 and 95.27 kg ha-1 for grain. In comparison to N1, N fertilization increased straw and grain N uptake by 73.1 and 56.1%, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and harvest index were altered by N application rates. The average NUE at maturity was 19.9% in 2020 and 20.01% in 2021; however, it was usually higher under the control and low N conditions. The amount of 15N excess increased as the N rate increased: N5 had the highest 15N excess at the maturity stage in the upper (2.28 ± 0.36%), the middle (1.77 ± 0.28%), and the lower portion (1.68 ± 1.01%). Compared to N1, N fertilization (N2-N5) increased 15N excess in the various shoot portions by 50, 38, and 35% at maturity for upper, middle, and lower portions, respectively. At maturity, the 15N excess remobilized to the grain under N1-N5 was between 5 and 8%. Our findings revealed that N had a significant impact on yield and N isotope discrimination in spring wheat that these two parameters can interact, and that future research on the relationship between yield and N isotope discrimination in spring wheat should take these factors into account.
Several studies have reported the deleterious effects of excessive salt stress on Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Seed pretreatment with exogenous salicylic acid (SA) enhances plants to tolerate salt stress. Herein, the present study aims to investigate the potential of plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) to increase the plant growth and enhance the salicylic acid (SA) contents and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under different concentrations of salt stress. Wheat seeds were pretreated in TG1 spore suspension before exposure to different salt stresses. Compared with 0, 50, 100, 150 salt stresses, the TG1 and NaCl increased the wheat seeds germination rate, germination potential and germination index significantly; the shoot height and root length were increased by an average of 39.45% and 29.73%, respectively. Compared to NaCl stress across the four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), the TG1 treated wheat seedlings increased SA concentration and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) by an average of 55.87% and 24.10% respectively. In addition, the TG1+NaCl-treated seedlings increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the shoot by an average of 47.68%, 23.68%, and 38.65% respectively compared to NaCl-stressed seedlings. Significantly, the genes, SOD, CAT, and POD were relatively up-regulated in the salt-tolerant TG1-treated seedlings at all NaCl concentrations in comparison to the control. Wheat seedlings treated with TG1+NaCl increased the transcript levels of SOD, POD and CAT by 1.35, 1.85 and 1.04-fold at 50 mM NaCl concentration, respectively, compared with 0 mM NaCl concentration. Our results indicated that seeds pretreatment with TG1 could increase endogenous SA of plants and promote seedling growth under salt stress by improving enzymatic antioxidant activities and gene expression.
Aphids are one of the most common insect pests in greenhouse and field crops worldwide, causing significant crop yields and economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the mortality, enzymatic antioxidant activity and gene expression of cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in response to Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (T6) at different time points from Day 1 to 7 after inoculation. Our results showed that the highest mortality of B. brassicae was observed on Day 7 at a concentration of 1 × 108 spores ml-1 (73.31%) after inoculation with T6 compared with the control on Day 7 (11.51%). The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased by 52.98%, 44.77%, 48.26%, 49.39%, 45.13% and 39.67%, respectively on Day 3 after inoculation with T6 compared to the control. Howerver increased days post treatment (dpt) decreased the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX and GST enzymes by 20.79%, 21.05%, 13.75%, 20.45%, 25.38%, and 19.76% repectively on Day 7 compared to control. The transcript levels of SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, and GST genes were increased by 10.87, 9.87, 12.77, 6.22 and 4.07 respectively at Day 3 after inoculation with T6 in comparison to the control. However, the SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, and GST transcription levels decreased by 0.43, 0.44, 0.35, 0.52 and 0.47 respectively, compared to control at Day 7. Our results suggest that the T6 strain has a potential effect on the antioxidant activity and mortality of B. brassicae and therefore could be used as a natural biocontrol agent against B. brassicae in the future.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
