We report on a 6‐year‐old boy with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. This unusual type of renal inflammation has a typical clinical picture that is important to bear in mind. The affected child is often seriously ill with a palpable flank mass leading to initial suspicion of malignancy. Modern imaging procedures help in obtaining a pre‐operative diagnosis.
AbstractObjective. To evaluate the long-term results after carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus. Material and methods. We evaluated 62 consecutive patients with histologically verified lichen sclerosus admitted between 1985 and 1991. All patients were treated with a carbon dioxide laser with an output of 15–20 W and a defocused beam. This treatment vaporized the macroscopically altered area of the glans penis. Phimosis and superficial meatal stenosis were treated at the same session. Fifty-three men were still alive in 2004, and we were able to contact 50 of them (94%). The patients were asked about recurrence of symptoms, any visible penile lesion and recurrence of meatal stenosis. All patients who reported symptoms were invited to visit the outpatient clinic for further examination. Results. The median follow-up time was 14 years. At follow-up, 40 patients (80%) had no local symptoms and no visible lesion. Ten patients had minor symptoms but only two required further treatment. Conclusion. Long-term follow-up of carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus shows that the treatment is safe and gives good results.KeywordsPenile diseaseslaser surgerylichen sclerosus
Six species belonging to the family Gadidae have been studied cytologically. Gadus morhua has 2n = 46, Micromesistius poutassou 2n = 44, Pollachius pollachius 2n = 38, Pollachius virens 2n = 40, Raniceps raninus 2n = 48 and Trisopterus minutus 2n = 48. Preparations were made from kidney tissue of all species studied. In preparations from testes of Gadus morhua and Raniceps raninus 23 and 24 bivalents, respectively, were observed in the meiosis. Karyograms have been worked out from Pollachius pollachius, Pollachius virens and Raniceps raninus.
The knowledge of somatic mutations that arise in penile cancer is limited. We examined the dysregulation of components in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ras pathways.Using single stranded conformational analysis and direct sequencing we performed mutational analysis of the PIK3CA, PTEN, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and BRAF genes in 28 penile tumors.We identified somatic missense mutations in 11 of the 28 penile cancer samples (39%). In the PIK3CA gene 8 mutations (29%) were identified that were E542K or E545K. In the HRAS gene a G12S and a Q61L mutation were found (7%). The KRAS gene contained 1 mutation (3%), that is a G12S change. PIK3CA mutations were found in all grades and stages, whereas HRAS and KRAS mutations were found in larger and more advanced tumors. The mutations were mutually exclusive, suggesting that dysregulation of either pathway is sufficient for the development and progression of penile carcinoma.The high frequency of mutations in the PIK3CA, HRAS and KRAS genes leads us to believe that dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Ras pathway is significant for the development and progression of penile carcinoma.
