Technique is used to implement the CMOS PWM Transceiver circuit is presented. In this paper, A Self Referenced Edge Detection technique is implemented to analyze a CMOS PWM Transceiver circuit, by comparing the rising edge that is self-delayed by about 0.5 T and the modulated falling edge in one carrier clock cycle. An Area-efficient and high robustness (against timing fluctuations) edge detection enabling PWM communication is achieved without requiring elaborate phase-locked loops. Self-referenced edge detection circuit has the capability of timing error measurement while changing the length of self delay element, adaptive data-rate optimization and delay-line calibration are realized. The measured results with a 65-nm CMOS prototype demonstrate a 2-bit PWM communication, high data rate (4Gbps), small peak to peak jitter(4.8ns), and high reliability (BER > 10−12) with small area occupation (540 μ m2) and with high RMS (1.3). For reliability improvement, error check and correction associated with intercycle edge detection is introduced and its effectiveness is verified by 2-bit PWM measurement.
Inverters inherently have the property of controlling output frequency but the output volt- age can't be varied. Usually to vary output voltage we have to vary supply voltage which is not always possible for this reason PWM techniques gained momentum. Basic aim of PWM technique is to control output voltage and harmonic reduction. Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse- duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electri- cal devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches. Here we apply PWM techniques like Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse width Modulation (SVPWM) to inverter and study its performance. In Sinusoidal Pulse width modulation (SPWM) we generate the gating signals by com- paring a sinusoidal reference signal with a trian- gular carrier wave. In Space vector Modulation (SVPWM) we consider a rotating phased which is obtained by adding all the three voltages. Modula- tion is accomplished by switching state of an in- verter. Thus by comparing these two techniques we study the performance of our inverter.
Advanced strides of improvement in programmable logic density, enhancements in speed and hardware description language (HDL) are empowering design engineers to implement highly performing and testable digital systems. Linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) are the critical elements in the testing and self testing of contemporary complex electronic systems like processors, Built-in-self-test (BIST) controllers and integrated circuits (ICs) etc. Fundamentally BIST is a Design-for-Testability (DFT) technique meant to configure testing functions physically with the circuit under test (CUT). To enhance the percentage of fault coverage as a part of BIST operations (testing the IC), LFSRs are deployed (as test pattern generator) to generate the test vectors inside logic BIST for testing digital systems. Proposed work is focused upon designing a fast adder based variable length pseudorandom binary sequence pattern generator (PRBSPG) and experimental validations. LFSR possess characteristics of high speed, better encoding efficiency, high fault coverage, low test volume data and low power consumption specially suitable in processing environment where uniform distribution random numbers are required. Verilog HDL is employed for structuring the modular design units while Xilinx ISE tool is deployed for validating the proposed LFSR design work and associated modular units.
The purpose of this paper is to design and construct automatic object detection and destroying system.This system is designed to detect the target (object) moving in multiple directions.The target destroying system moves automatically in the direction of objects and fires it upon fixing the target.This system consists of an intelligent sonar-based object tracking system that continuously monitors the target.Upon detecting the target, it sends the target's location to a Central Control System.The Central Control System takes the action of moving the firing mechanism in the direction of target (object).Upon fixing the direction, it sends the control command to firing system for attacking the target.In this project we are making use of ultrasonic radar system and a DC geared motor driven firing unit interfaced with a Microcontroller based control unit.We prefer ultrasonic sensor to IR sensor, because the Ultrasonic sensors covers larger sensing distance and it can detect the target in all the lighting conditions (day or night).Embedded "C" is used for microcontroller programming.
A renewable energy source in solar form is the most imperative sustainable energy source as it is the endless source of energy. Photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaic's. It consists of a several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC. MPPT (Maximum Power Point tracking) is a technique used commonly with wind turbines and photovoltaic solar systems to minimize power extraction under all conditions. A grid-connected photovoltaic power system or grid-connected PV power system is electricity generating solar PV power system that is connected to utility grid. A grid-connected PV system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters, a power conditioning unit and grid connected equipment. Power Quality refers to the ability of electrical equipment to consume the energy being supplied to it.
This project presents complete simulation modeling and control of three phase grid connected solar photovoltaic module including evaluation of various power quality issues. The proposed grid connected PV system will be developed on MATLAB\SIMULINK. The results will be justified by hardware module.
Agriculture plays a critical role in food production, but farmers face numerous challenges, particularly due to unpredictable weather, such as heavy rainfall. Excessive rain can cause significant damage to crops, leading to issues like waterlogging, soil erosion, plant damage, and a higher risk of diseases. These weather-related problems can substantially decrease both crop yields and quality. Traditional methods of protecting crops, such as manually covering them or moving them to shelters, are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often ineffective. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the design and implementation of an IoT-based Automated Shelter System, which aims to protect crops from the harmful effects of rain by using smart technology to respond automatically to weather changes. The system utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology, connecting sensors, motors, and devices to monitor and control environmental conditions in real time. Weather sensors like rain gauges, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors detect the onset of rain. Based on the data collected, the system automatically activates a protective shelter, such as a retractable roof or canopy, to shield the crops from the rain. This automation minimizes the need for manual labor and ensures timely protection for the crops. The IoT-driven system provides multiple benefits, including real-time protection against rainrelated damage, such as preventing waterlogging, soil erosion, and crop harm due to excessive moisture. By automatically deploying shelters when needed, the system ensures optimal growing conditions for crops, leading to healthier plants and better yields. Additionally, the system reduces labor costs through its autonomous operation.
This paper presents a embedded system which implements RFID based toll collection and alcohol detection, which is used to collection of toll gate amount, and to stop drink and drive people. In this work we are going to develop an embedded system board attached with a RFID card reader and alcohol sensor .first the tag will be shown amount will be deducted and then After the vehicles will be send to the alcohol test if there is any sensing the gate will not be open the other way at parking gate will be open or other condition when sensor has not sense alcohol then the road gate will be open.
Background/Objectives: In this paper it offers a system that coordinates the sensor data to the cloud. There is an emphasis on using sensors in agriculture and offering a higher yielding crop capacity. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this the need of the soil moisture is to sense the moisture. It makes the usage of soil moisture sensor to sense the moisture in the soil and a device that converts the input raw data to digital format. The received digital data is thus transferred to cloud. The method used for converting analog to digital is done by using myDAQ. The input is given to a computer, shows the data. The values that are displayed are in voltages, which are previously calibrated with sensor under different waterlevel conditions. Findings: Today there has been a lot of degradation in the cultivation as climate conditions have been changing continuously. Though there has been a development in productivity but there has been no improvement in the factors of agriculture. So a step needs to be taken to enhance these problems. The study shows us that how the technology can be increased to compensate this problem and overcome the various backdrops. Applications/Improvements: It can be further extended with implementation of GPS Technology and some of the sensors that can be used in future. Keywords: Cloud Technology and myDAQ (Device used for Processing), IOT, Soil Moisture Sensor
This paper deals with on-chip power reduction and area efficient fused floating point multiply-add unit, which is aimed to be used for 2D/3D graphics and scientific etc. applications. Floating point plays a vital role in Digital Signal Processor. On implementing fused floating point multiply-add, the total on-chip power between synthesis and implementation is reduced. By using fused floating point speed of the execution will be very fast. These designs are simulated and synthesized with VIVADO IP 2020.2. It achieves best on-chip power and less area. Synthesised results are encouraging.
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