We report the physical mapping of porcine expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from anterior pituitary clones isolated by differential display PCR in a study using lines selected for reproduction. These ESTs were mapped using a somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP) and a radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH) as follows (SCHP position, nearest marker on the RH map): SPARCL1 (8q23-q27, SSP1); ATF4 (5p11-p15, AC02); MEF2C [2(1/2q21)-(1/2q22), SW2134]; FTH1 (2p14-p17, SWR783); FRAP1 (6q22-q23, SW1355); PBP (14, SW2508); LOC92004 [13q23-(1/2q41), CP]; and PGRMC1 [Xq22, SW1943]. All RH assignments were at LOD score >6.0 except for PGRMC1 at LOD score 5.4. ESTs TCP1 [12p11-(2/3p13)], SF3B1 (15q23-q26) and Clock (8q11-q12) were assigned using only the SCHP. The map position of SPARCL1 coincides with a quantitative trait loci (QTL) for age at puberty found in the University of Nebraska selection lines. Physical mapping of ESTs reported in the present study contributes to characterization of the transcriptome of anterior pituitary of pigs, adds new information to the public database of the porcine genome expression map, and further develops the porcine-human comparative map.
A tandem-duplication mutant of bacteriophage P2 was isolated. Physically, its particles are characterized by a higher buoyant density and lower heat stability than the wild type, both consequences of increased DNA content. Genetically, the mutant is easily recognized by its insensitivity to control by the immunity-specific repressor. The duplication covers part of gene B, necessary for phage DNA replication. To explain the immunity-insensitivity of the duplication it is proposed that the promoter, but not the operator site, in the early gene operon is duplicated in this mutant. By crosses with a gene-B mutant, a recombinant carrying a heterozygous duplication was isolated.
Thirty-one chemicals, representing various organic and inorganic groups, were tested for ability to induce back-mutations from streptomycin dependence (Sd-4) to nondependence in E. coli. Nineteen were found to be mutagens. It was demonstrated that mutagenicity is not a specific property of any one group of chemicals, but appears among widely different groups. Chemicals having such different properties as boric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, copper sulfate, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and phenol were found to be mutagenic, indicating that genetic changes may be induced by many agents that are able to enter the living cell and upset its metabolic functions.
Mutations causing requirements for histidine, purine, and vitamin B12 were obtained in strain PS of Methanococcus voltae (archaebacteria) upon irradiation with UV or gamma rays. The first two mutations were shown to revert at low frequencies and were used to demonstrate the occurrence of transformation with homologous, wild-type DNA. The transformation rates obtained for these presumably chromosomal markers were in the range of 2 to 100 transformants per microgram of DNA. Mutants resistant to 2-bromoethanesulfonate and to 5-methyl-DL-tryptophan were also isolated.
Genetic studies of methanogenic bacteria could lead to better exploitation of these organisms in the production of methane from biomass. The objective of this study is to develop a workable genetic system for these bacteria. We have tried to apply standard genetic techniques to these slow growing, strictly anaerobic bacteria. We have been able to isolate several types of mutants both spontaneous and induced. For Methanococcus voltae we have (a) established survival curves to ultraviolet light and gamma ray irradiation, (b) isolated by direct selection mutants resistant to bromo-ethane-sulfonate and to 5-methyl-tryptophan, and a double mutant exhibiting both resistances, (c) isolated after mutagenesis two nutritional mutants (one requiring histidine and the other requiring adenine and possibly another factor). For Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum we have (a) established an ultraviolet light survival curve, (b) isolated by direct selection mutants resistant to bromo-ethane-sulfonate and to gentamicin. We have developed a routine technique for the purpose of isolating phages capable of infecting methanogenic bacteria. 10 figures, 1 table.