Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray

North Carolina State University

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Scott R. Ladely

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

David A. Dargatz

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Charlene R. Jackson

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

Jeffrey T. Gray

Des Moines University

Jonathan G. Frye

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

Richard J. Meinersmann

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

J.S. Bailey

United States Department of Agriculture

Mark D. Englen

Agricultural Research Service

Siddhartha Thakur

North Carolina State University

N.A. Cox

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

Cooperative Institutions

United States Department of Agriculture

197

Agricultural Research Service

176

University of Georgia

North Carolina State University

The Ohio State University

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

United States Food and Drug Administration

U.S. National Poultry Research Center

University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolates from United States Dairy Cows

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (2008)

Jessica I. Lundin David A. Dargatz Bruce A. Wagner Jason E. Lombard Ashley E. Hill

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern for public and animal health. Threats to public health could come from the transfer of pathogens from animals to people via indirect contact such as through food or by direct contact with animals. In addition, concern has been raised for the potential transfer of resistance determinants from animals to humans through commensal bacterial flora such as Escherichia coli. Isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from dairy cows on farms in 21 states were evaluated for resistance to a panel of 16 antimicrobial drugs. Resistance patterns for E. coli were compared to those of Salmonella spp. when they were isolated concurrently on the same farm or from the same fecal sample. Overall, most of the E. coli isolates (85.3%) and Salmonella spp. isolates (87.2%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials in the panel. The resistance profiles for E. coli with and without concurrent isolation of Salmonella were comparable with the exception of tetracycline resistance, which was more common among the E. coli isolated with Salmonella spp. The resistance patterns for E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated concurrently were not significantly different for any of the antimicrobials evaluated. The data from this study demonstrate that the majority of commensal E. coli and Salmonella spp. recovered from feces of dairy cows harbored no resistance to a broad range of antimicrobial drugs. Further studies are indicated to better understand the factors that influence the frequency of resistance in commensal E. coli and Salmonella spp. on dairy operations.

10.1089/fpd.2007.0018

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Citations (28)

Co-infection with S. choleraesuis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrom (PRRS) virus

International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork (1997)

Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray Robert W. Wills Thomas J. Stabel Keon-Woong Yoon John T. Gray

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis (SC) are important components of the swine respiratory disease complex. Although respiratory disease is a major clinical component of PRRS in field cases, it has been difficult to produce respiratory disease in pigs in the research environment simply by exposure to PRRSV. It has been postulated that this may be due to low pig density, ideal housing conditions, and the absence of concurrent bacterial infections in the research setting. Pigs subclinically infected with SC are considered the most common source of infection to naive herds. Like PRRS, it is not clear why and how subclinical infections are triggered to become acute outbreaks of disease. It has been suggested that a variety of stressors, including the presence of concurrent viral infections, may lead to clinical outbreaks of salmonellosis. On two Midwestern farms, nursery mortality due to salmonellosis reportedly increased following herd outbreaks of PRRS. This led the authors to suggest that concurrent PRRSV infection may serve to provoke clinical salmonellosis. The work reported here was intended to explore these issues. Specifically, our objective was to investigate the interactive effects of exposure to PRRSV, SC, and stress on growth performance and disease in young swine.

10.31274/safepork-180809-409

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Citations (0)

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Campylobacter Isolated from U.S. Goat Feces: 2019 NAHMS Survey

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (2024)

Catherine Gensler Stephanie C. Hempstead Shivaramu Keelara Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray N.J. Urie

Goats are often asymptomatic carriers of

Asymptomatic carrier

10.1089/fpd.2023.0080

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Citations (0)

Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus spp.: Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and their Spatial Relationships in a Synoptic Study of the Upper Oconee River Basin

Microbial Ecology (2007)

Richard J. Meinersmann M.E. Berrang Charlene R. Jackson Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray Scott R. Ladely

Campylobacter coli

10.1007/s00248-007-9290-6

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Citations (33)

Collaborative Workflow for Analyzing Large-Scale Data for Antimicrobial Resistance: An Experience Report

2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) (2019)

Peiyu Hou Jing Ao A. Rindos Shivaramu Keelara Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray

In real-life analytics-oriented information-integration projects, the processes of information curation and integration cannot be completely automated. Rather, in each large-scale project the key objectives include maximizing scalability and throughput, while at the same time keeping the processes manageable and productive for the human experts in the loop. In this paper, we describe our experience with addressing these major objectives in the process of building a scalable end-to-end data-extraction, integration, and analytics workflow in the domain of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The workflow is built using open-source tools, with the aims of enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of data collection and integration, while involving an acceptable level of efforts by collaborative multidisciplinary teams of humans-in-the-loop. We present the components of the proposed workflow, outline the challenges encountered in its development and testing, and discuss the experiences and lessons learned in enabling AMR experts and data analysts to interact with the workflow, with some of the lessons potentially applicable to other application domains.

10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9006168

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Citations (1)

Bacterial tolerance of 100% dimethyl sulfoxide

Canadian Journal of Microbiology (1988)

Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray William C. Cray Gary A. Anderson Kenneth W. Nickerson

Viable bacteria were found in six bottles of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of approximately one bacterium per 4.4 mL. The 18 bacterial isolates appeared to be tolerating the DMSO rather than metabolizing it. No fungi were detected. DMSO must be assumed to be nonsterile unless it has been previously sterilized.

Sulfoxide

10.1139/m88-114

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Citations (10)

Multiplex PCR-Based Method for Identification of Common Clinical Serotypes ofSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica

Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2006)

Seonghan Kim Jonathan G. Frye Jinxin Hu Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray Romesh Gautom

A multiplex PCR method has been developed to differentiate between the most common clinical serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica encountered in Washington State and the United States in general. Six genetic loci from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and four from S. enterica serovar Typhi were used to create an assay consisting of two five-plex PCRs. The assays gave reproducible results with 30 different serotypes that represent the most common clinical isolates of S. enterica subsp. enterica. Of these, 22 serotypes gave unique amplification patterns compared with each other and the other 8 serotypes were grouped into four pairs. These were further resolved by two additional PCRs. We compared the data from PCR serotyping with conventional serotyping and found that PCR serotyping was nearly as discriminatory as conventional serotyping was. The results from a blind test screening 111 clinical isolates revealed that 97% were correctly identified using the multiplex PCR assay. The assay can be easily performed on multiple samples with final results in less than 5 h and, in conjunction with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, forms a very robust test method for the molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.

Salmonella enterica

Subtyping

Multiplex

10.1128/jcm.00701-06

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Citations (170)

Comparison of methods for isolating Salmonella bacteria from faeces of naturally infected pigs

Journal of Applied Microbiology (2000)

Peter R. Davies P.K. Turkson J.A. Funk M.A. Nichols Scott R. Ladely

A series of experiments was conducted using faecal samples collected from commercial swine farms to evaluate the effects of variation in methods used for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. The primary objective of the studies was to compare the protocols routinely used in two laboratories in the USA. The studies included five experiments comparing the enrichment protocols used routinely in the respective laboratories (Method 1: 10 g faeces—buffered peptone water (BPW) pre‐enrichment—selective enrichment in Rappaport/Vassiliadis (RV) broth; Method 2: ∼1g faeces—primary enrichments in tetrathionate and Hajna GN broths—secondary enrichment in RV broth). The effects of enrichment temperatures (37 vs 42 °C) using RV broth (two experiments) and delayed secondary enrichment (four experiments) were also evaluated. Direct comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 indicated comparable results. However, when compared using faecal samples of equal weight, the Method 2 enrichment protocol was more sensitive for detecting Salmonella bacteria than the Method 1 protocol. Enrichment in RV at 42 °C was superior to 37 °C, particularly for samples that were pre‐enriched in BPW. Delayed secondary enrichment increased detection of Salmonella bacteria in swine faeces. These results highlight the imperfect sensitivity of culture methods, and the need for researchers to consider the sensitivity of bacteriological methods in the design and interpretation of the results of epidemiologic studies based on faecal culture

Tetrathionate

Enrichment culture

Rappaport

10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01101.x

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Citations (104)

Nontyphoidal Salmonella from Human Clinical Cases, Asymptomatic Children, and Raw Retail Meats in Yucatan, Mexico

Clinical Infectious Diseases (2005)

Mussaret B. Zaidi Patrick F. McDermott Paula J. Fedorka‐Cray Verónica Leon Claudia Canche

Background. We report the results of a 3-year Salmonella surveillance study of persons with diarrhea; asymptomatic children; and retail pork, poultry, and beef in Yucatan, Mexico. Methods. Isolates were characterized according to serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic relatedness with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Results. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most common serotype found in ill humans (21.8% of isolates), followed by Salmonella Agona (21% of isolates). Salmonella Enteritidis was a minor serotype (4.2% of isolates). Asymptomatic children carried S. Agona (12.1% of isolates), Salmonella Meleagridis (11.6% of isolates), Salmonella Anatum (8% of isolates) and S. Enteritidis (5.8% of isolates). A high percentage of retail meat samples contained Salmonella; it was most commonly found in pork (58.1% of samples), followed by beef (54% of samples) and poultry (39.7% of samples). Resistance to oral drugs used for the treatment of salmonellosis was observed for ampicillin (14.6% of isolates were resistant), chloramphenicol (14.0% of isolates), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (19.7% of isolates). Resistance to ceftriaxone emerged in 2002 and was limited to the serotype S. Typhimurium. Twenty-seven percent of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, and none were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Multidrug resistance was most common among isolates of serotypes S. Typhimurium and S. Anatum. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that strains found in retail meats were genetically identical to strains found in both asymptomatic children and ill patients. Conclusions. Our study found a high prevalence of Salmonella in retail meats and persons with enteric infection; many of these isolates were resistant to clinically important antimicrobials. A random selection of isolates from people and retail meat showed genetic relatedness, which suggests that, in Yucatan, considerable transfer of Salmonella occurs through the food chain.

Salmonella enteritidis

10.1086/498508

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Citations (101)

Comparison of Subtyping Methods for Differentiating Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates Obtained from Food Animal Sources

Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2006)

Steven L. Foley David G. White Patrick F. McDermott Robert D. Walker Bobbie S. Rhodes

ABSTRACT Molecular characterization (e.g., DNA-based typing methods) of Salmonella isolates is frequently employed to compare and distinguish clinical isolates recovered from animals and from patients with food-borne disease and nosocomial infections. In this study, we compared the abilities of different phenotyping and genotyping methods to distinguish isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from different food animal sources. One hundred twenty-eight S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains isolated from cattle, pigs, chickens, and turkeys or derived food products were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), repetitive element PCR (Rep-PCR), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), plasmid profiling, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among the 128 Salmonella isolates tested, we observed 84 Rep-PCR profiles, 86 PFGE patterns, 89 MLST patterns, 36 plasmid profiles, and 38 susceptibility profiles. The molecular typing methods, i.e., PFGE, MLST, and Rep-PCR, demonstrated the best discriminatory power among Salmonella isolates. However, no apparent correlation was evident between the results of one molecular typing method and those of the others, suggesting that a combination of multiple methods is needed to differentiate S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates that genetically cluster according to one particular typing method.

Subtyping

Salmonella enterica

Multilocus sequence typing

DNA profiling

10.1128/jcm.00745-06

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Citations (120)