Objective To investigate the changes in the expression of Egr-1, C-jun and IL-1β mRNA and protein in the lung injured by mechanical ventilation. Methods Forty male SD rats weighing 250-320 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group A received no mechanical ventilation; group B-E received mechanical ventilaion for 30 (B), 60 (C), 90 (D) and 120 (E) minutes. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 35 mg·kg-1 , tracheostomized and mechnically ventilated (VT =42 ml·kg-1 , RR = 40 bpm, I: E = 1:2, FiO2 = 21 % ) . Arterial blood samples were taken for blood gas analysis. The animals were killed at the end of mechanical ventilation in group B-E and after tracheostomy in group A. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination using HE staining. The expression of Egr-1, C-jun and IL-1β mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and immuno-histochemical technique respectively. Results There was no significant difference in PaO2 and SaO2 among the 5 groups while PaCO2 was significantly decreased in group B and C but increased in group E as compared with group A. The expression of Egr-1, C-jun and IL-1β mRNA and protein was significantly increased by mechanical ventilation in a duration - dependent manner. Histological studies demonstrated that the damage to the lung was correlated with the duration of mechanical ventilation in terms of perivascular inflammatouy cell infiltration, exudates and hemorrhage in the alveoli and thickening of alveolar walls. Conclusion The results of our study show that mechanical ventilation activates and upregulates the expression of the early response genes in a duration - dependent manner. The upregulation of the expression of these genes might be involved in the underlying mechanism of lung damage induced by mechanical ventilation.
Objective To study the changes of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) activation and expression of cytokines in lung tissues after one lung ventilation(OLV) in the rabbit models.Methods Twelve white Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 animals each.Two-lung ventilation(TLV) was performed in group TLV for 3 h.OLV was performed for 2 h followed by TLV for 1 h in group OLV.Lung separation was achieved with an artificial double-lumen tube.The lung tissue samples of group OLV were marked as OLVL and OLVR,respectively.NF-κB activity in nuclear protein from lung tissues was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA),quantity of IκB-α by Western blotting and expression of TNF-α and ICAM-1 mRNA by RT-PCR.Light microscopic evaluations were performed and W/D ratio was determined.Results NF-κB activity,quantity of IκB-α,the expressions of TNF-α and ICAM-1 mRNA were significantly different between group TLV and OLV(P0.01).To compared with OLVR,NF-κB activity of OLVL was significantly increased while quantity of IκB-α was significantly decreased(P0.01).The expressions of TNF-α and ICAM-1 mRNA of OLVL were higher than those of OLVR(P0.05).Conclusion IκB-α degradation and NF-κB activation probably play an important role in lung injury caused by OLV.
Objective To evaluate the effects of 24-hour and 48hour rats received ventilation on the expression of b-defensin-2 gene and protein in the rats with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP).Methods Male healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 24 h ventilation group(n=29) and 48 h ventilation group(n=29).Rat was inserted a tracheal catheter via mouth under urethane intraperitoneal anesthesia.Rats received ventilation through tracheal tube for different ventilation times were challenged intra-tracheally with P.aeruginosa(1 M,0.2 mL).The mRNA levels of BD-2 were detected by RT-PCR,and the protein levels were analyzed by Western blot analysis.Results The expression of BD-2 mRNA and protein increased after 3h of the injection of bacteria and reached a peak at 12～24 h.There were no obvious differences in the expression of BD-2 mRNA and protein between the 24 h group and 48 h group within 3 h,but BD-2 expression in the 24 h group was significantly higher at 6 h,12 h,1 d,2 d and 3 d than in the 48 h group.The positive rate of blood bacterial culture was higher in the 48 h group than in the 24 h group.The survival rate of 24 h group was 60%,which was significantly higher than that of the 48 h group(P0.05).Conclusion Expression of BD-2 gene and protein in the 48 h group are lower after 3 h of the injection of bacteria than those are in the 24 h group,which might be one of the main factors causing VAP in the longer ventilation time.
Objective To investigate the protective effects and its mechanism of sevoflurane on cultured rat hippocampal neurons subjected to anoxia injury.Methods Hippocampal neurons of neonatal rat which had been cultured in vitro for 10 days,were divided into control groups and sevoflurane treatment group.The neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 24 h. The cell survival rate in each group was evaluated by MTT colorimetry.The effect of sevoflurane on neuronal calcium overload evoked by anoxia or 50 mmol/L KCl or 1 mmol/L glutamate was observed.The fluo-3,a fluorescent probe,was used for imaging intracellular calcium and laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM) was used to measure real-time changes of [Ca2+]i in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.Results The hippocampal neurons developed acute neuronal swelling and wide spread neuronal degeneration following anoxia for 24 h.Sevoflurane at concentration of 2MAC obviously relieved the neuronal injury (P0.05).Sevoflurane at concentration of 0.5～2MAC significantly inhibited [Ca2+]i elevation caused by anoxia or KCl which induced the opening of the voltage gated calcium ion channels(P0.05).2MAC sevoflurane inhibited [Ca2+]i elevation caused by glutamate, an agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)receptor(P0.01).Conclusion Sevoflurane could effectively protect cultured hippocampal neurons from anoxia injury. The mechanism may be partially due to the inhibition of [Ca2+]ioverload via the voltage-gated calcium ion channels and the NMDA receptor calcium ionchannels.
Objective To observe whether parecoxib administered in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) could play a role of preemptive analgesia. Methods Sixty patients scheduled for LC were divided into three groups, the which IV dosing schedules as following: parecoxib 40 mg 30-45 min before the surgery(group A); parecoxib 40 mg at wound closure(group B); tramadol 100 mg at induction(group C). Pain scores and recovery station were recorded. Results Higher pain scores were observed in group A than in group B and group C at 0 h (P0.05) ; side-effcets in group A and group B were significantly reduced compared with the group C(P0.05). Conclusion Parecoxib is lack of pre-emptive analgesic effect in LC, postoperative administration of parecoxib have the same analgesic effect with preemptive use of tramadol, but less adverse reactions.
Objective To observe the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on leukocyte mediators of inflammation through dealing with leucocytes phlegmasia and antiinflammatory in healthy adult.Methods Taken from health adult under asepsis,venous blood samples were add the lymphocyte separating medium,and make it in the density of leucocytes 1×106/ml.The cases were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=6 each):groupⅠ:control group,group Ⅱ:add endotoxin,group Ⅲ:add endotoxi after adding penehyclidine hydrochloride 20 minutes,group Ⅳ:add penehyclidine hydrochloride after adding endotoxin 1 hour,group Ⅴ:add endotoxin after adding atropine(the same dose with penehyclidine hydrochloride)20 minutes.Place samples of five groups into incubator for 4 hours,then add the TNF-α,IL-10,IL-6 detection reagent.Results The level of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 in group Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ(P0.01).the level of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 in group Ⅲ,Ⅳ,especially in group Ⅲ were lower than in groupⅡ,(P0.01).There is no significantly difference between group Ⅱ and groupⅤ(P0.05).Conclusion Anticholine drugs can react on leucocytes cholinergic receptor,inhibit the secretion of leucocytes mediators of infla mmation,the effect of Penehyclidine Hydrochloride is obviously.
Objective To observe the effect of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium and tramadol on sevoflurane general anasthesia and evaluate the preventive effect of parecoxib sodium and tramadol on postoperative agitation.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients undergoing hepatolobectomy or cholecystectomy were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=20 each): group A(parecoxib sodium),group B(tramadol),group C(control).Heart rate(HR),mean arterial blood pressure(MAP),and saturation of pulse oxygen(SpO2) were recorded before induction of anesthesia and around extubation.The times of eyes opening,extubation and the degree of postoperative agitation were recorded.Results The MAP,HR of A and B group were lower than that in group C at T2-T4(P0.05 or P0.01).The times of eyes opening and extubation in A group were shorter than that in B group(P0.05).The incidence of postoperative agitation in A group and B group werelower than that in group C(P0.05 or P0.01),the VAS in group A and group B were lower than that in group C after the operation 0.5,2 h(P0.05).Conclusion In sevoflurane general anasthesia,parecoxib sodium and tramadol can induce preemptive analgesia and prevent postoperative agitation.However,trammadol can prolong the waking time of patients.
Objective To investigate effects of ulinastatin(UTI) on renal function in patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Forty cases of ASA grade Ⅱ～Ⅲ undergoing elective open heart surgery under CPB were divided into two groups: group U(n=20) receiving ulinastatin 200,000u in 20ml normal saline by intravenous infusion (about 10min) after general anesthesia and before CPB.Once CPB time more than 4 hours ,another infusion was needed by same dosage .Group C(n=20) receiving no ulinastain.Bun ,Cr, urine-N- acetyl- beta-D- glucosaminidase (u-NAG), urine-γ-GTP, urine-α1 -microglobulin (u-α1-MG),urine retinal binding protein(u-RBP)were measured before anesthesia and after CPB respectively. Volume of urination and ratio of urination volume to transfusion volume were calculated respectively. Results There were no significantly differences in Bun, Cr, u-NAG, u-γ-GTP, u-RBP, u-α1-MG and volume of urination between two groups before anesthesia(P0 05).After CPB,⑴The levels of u-γ-GTP and u-NAG obviously increased in the two groups respectively(P0 05) ,and they were obviously lower in group U than that in group C(P0 05) respectively.⑵The levels of u-RBP and u-α1-MG significantly increased in the two groups respectively (P0 01) ,and which were obviously lower in group U than that in group C (P0 05) respectively.⑶The volume of urination significantly increased in the two groups (P0 01) respectively ,and which was dramatically more in group U than that in group C(P0 05).⑷The ratio of urination volume to transfusion volume in group U was higher than that in group C(P0 05).Conclusion Ulinastatin treated patients who undergoing CPB has strong renal protection.
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