We conducted a survey of cooking fat usage in a representative sample of mothers from low and middle income families in Bogota, Colombia (n=2368). The fatty acid composition of the most commonly available cooking fats (n=30) in the market was analyzed by gas chromatography. 87% of the surveyed population consumed at least one of these 30 cooking fats. The types of fat primarily used for cooking were mixed vegetable oils, 69%; sunflower oil, 22%; margarine, 2.4%; palm shortening, 2.8%; and chicken fat, 1.4%. The trans fat content of sunflower oil was unexpectedly high (mean, 4.2%; range, 2.2–8.6), compared to that in the vegetable mixtures (mean, 2.6%; range, 1.2–5.1). Overall, 35% and 18% of the families used cooking fats with >2% and >4% trans fatty acids, respectively. In multivariate analysis, usage of sunflower oil as the primary cooking fat was positively related to the number of household assets, the amount of money spent on food per person/day at home, and maternal education and inversely associated with an index of household food insecurity. Paradoxically, oblivious to the high trans content of sunflower oil, “health” was the main reason reported by the mothers to choose sunflower over other oils. The high trans content of sunflower oil, and the belief that sunflower oil is healthier than others may result in an elevated intake of trans fats. Regulation of trans fat content in foods is urgently needed in Colombia. Funded by: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University and City of Bogota's Secretary of Education
A candidíase bucal hiperplásica é uma forma clínica da infecção por Candida sp., geralmente associada a quadros de imunossupressão. Clinicamente, manifesta-se como placas leucoeritroplásicas não raspáveis que podem ser confundidas com outras lesões bucais. O presente caso clínico, trata-se de um paciente do sexo masculino, 58 anos, encaminhado ao Centro Goiano de Doenças da Boca (CGDB-FO-UFG) com queixa principal de "negócio na língua". Na história da doença atual, o paciente relatou apresentar sintomatologia dolorosa na língua há cerca de 1 ano, estável desde o seu aparecimento. Na história médica pregressa, informou estar sob tratamento antirretroviral contra o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) há mais de 10 anos. Ao exame intrabucal, foram evidenciadas lesões múltiplas do tipo placa leucoplásicas, não raspáveis, associadas a áreas atróficas e localizadas em dorso e borda de língua e em mucosa jugal. Em dorso de língua foi evidenciada, também, área central ulcerada. Foram solicitados os resultados de exames hematológicos e sorológicos cujos resultados foram carga viral igual a 308.720 cópias/mL e linfócitos-TCD8+ e TCD4+ com uma contagem de 820/mm3 e 144/mm3, respectivamente. As hipóteses clínicas de diagnóstico foram candidíase hiperplásica e leucoplasia. Devido à sintomatologia apresentada, foi realizada prova terapêutica com nistatina, uso tópica, 100.000UI, durante 7 dias. Após o uso da medicação foi evidenciado regressão das lesões. O diagnóstico final foi de candidíase hiperplásica crônica. Paciente foi encaminhado, também, para acompanhamento com infectologista devido ao quadro de imunossupressão.
Cardiovascular Health-Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acids: Is There Ample Evidence?" held on June 5-6, 2000, in Reston, Va.The conference was held to summarize the current understanding of the effects of fatty acids on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, as well as to identify gaps in our knowledge base that need to be addressed.There is great interest in learning more about the biological effects of the individual fatty acids, their role in chronic disease risk, and their underlying mechanisms of action.As research advances are made, there is always the need to question how new findings may be translated into practice.There is a long history of research providing the basis for the modification of existing dietary guidelines.Research findings have been used to verify intake criteria and are considered along with practical issues of implementation to establish new guidelines.A substantive body of consistent evidence sufficient to defend a dietary recommendation or a change in existing dietary guidance is essential.The conference highlighted the progress that has been made in understanding the biological effects of fatty acids and also addressed the need to learn more about how different fatty acids affect the risk of chronic disease, within the context of refining dietary guidance to further enhance health.
To assess cross-cultural relations between dietary intake and plasma lipoproteins, we randomly selected 222 men and 243 women from the urban and rural areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica; related their dietary composition (assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire), fitness level, and body fat to plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size; and compared these data with those from a subsample of 280 adults from the Framingham Offspring Study. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly (p less than 0.0001) higher in Framingham (207 and 137 mg/dl, respectively) than in Puriscal (184 and 114 mg/dl, respectively) residents. Elevated triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels (25% and 16% higher), low HDL cholesterol and apo A-I levels (12% and 29% lower), and smaller LDL particles (17%) were more frequent in Puriscal than in Framingham residents. Urban Puriscal residents had a significantly lower fitness level; increased body fat, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; decreased HDL cholesterol in men; and higher apo B levels in women compared with rural Puriscal residents. Body fat, animal fat, and saturated fat intakes were significantly correlated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B levels in both men and women in Puriscal. Intakes of protein and animal fat were higher among urban (10.7% and 14.1%, respectively) compared with rural (8.9% and 9.9%, respectively) Puriscal residents and in Framingham (16.0% and 20.8%, respectively) compared with Puriscal residents. No significant differences were found in dietary cholesterol. Saturated fat (largely from palm oil in Puriscal) intakes were significantly different among the three groups: rural Puriscal, 10.7% of calories; urban Puriscal, 11.6%; and Framingham residents, 12.9%. These data indicate that the more atherogenic plasma lipid profile among urban compared with Puriscal residents was largely explained by increased adiposity, decreased fitness level, and higher saturated fatty acid intake. Puriscal residents consumed less animal fat and more carbohydrate than did Framingham residents, and these differences were associated with a 21% lower LDL cholesterol level, a 12% lower HDL cholesterol level, a 29% lower apo A-I level, a 25% higher triglyceride level, a 16% higher apo B level, and a 17% smaller LDL particle size. Some of these cross-cultural differences may be due to differences in ethnic background and physical activity as well.
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