John A. B. Mates

National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Joel N. Ullom

National Institute of Standards and Technology

109

Leila R. Vale

National Institute of Standards and Technology

G. C. Hilton

National Institute of Standards and Technology

D. A. Bennett

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Daniel S. Swetz

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Daniel Becker

University of Colorado Boulder

C. D. Reintsema

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Johnathon D. Gard

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Joseph W. Fowler

University of Colorado Boulder

K. D. Irwin

Stanford University

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National Institute of Standards and Technology

183

Stanford University

113

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

University of Colorado Boulder

California Institute of Technology

Princeton University

Goddard Space Flight Center

Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

National Institute of Standards

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Status of HOLMES, an experiment for measuring the nu mass

E. Ferri Bradley K. Alpert M. Balata Daniel Becker D. A. Bennett

One of the major challenges in nowadays particle physics and astrophysics is the determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale. The HOLMES experiment aims at exploiting the calorimetric approach to directly measure the neutrino mass through the kinematic measurement of the decay products of 163 Ho electron capture (EC). The high energy portion of the calorimetric spectrum of this decay is affected by the non-vanishing neutrino mass value. Given the small fraction of events falling the region of interest, to achieve a high experimental sensitivity on the neutrino mass it is important to have a high activity combined with a very small undetected pile-up contribution. To achieve these targets, the final configuration of HOLMES foresees the deployment of a large number of 163 Ho ion-implanted TESs characterized by an ambitiously high activity of 300 Hz each. This contribution will provide an overview on the HOLMES project with its physics reach and technical challenges together with the status of the major tasks that will bring HOLMES to achieve a statistical sensitivity on the neutrino mass as low as 2 eV.

Electron neutrino

10.22323/1.421.0076

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An Efficient Superconducting Transformer Design for SQUID Magnetometry

Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2014)

John A. B. Mates K. D. Irwin Leila R. Vale G. C. Hilton H. M. Cho

Inductive coupling

Pickup

10.1007/s10909-014-1092-x

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Citations (3)

HOLMES

The European Physical Journal C (2015)

Bradley K. Alpert M. Balata D. A. Bennett M. Biasotti C. Boragno

The European Research Council has recently funded HOLMES, a new experiment to directly measure the neutrino mass. HOLMES will perform a calorimetric measurement of the energy released in the decay of 163Ho. The calorimetric measurement eliminates systematic uncertainties arising from the use of external beta sources, as in experiments with beta spectrometers. This measurement was proposed in 1982 by A. De Rujula and M. Lusignoli, but only recently the detector technological progress allowed to design a sensitive experiment. HOLMES will deploy a large array of low temperature microcalorimeters with implanted 163Ho nuclei. The resulting mass sensitivity will be as low as 0.4 eV. HOLMES will be an important step forward in the direct neutrino mass measurement with a calorimetric approach as an alternative to spectrometry. It will also establish the potential of this approach to extend the sensitivity down to 0.1 eV. We outline here the project with its technical challenges and perspectives.

10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3329-5

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Citations (139)

Bandwidth and Aliasing in the Microwave SQUID Multiplexer

Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2022)

Cyndia Yu Zeeshan Ahmed J. Connors John D'Ewart Brad Dober

Wideband

10.1007/s10909-022-02783-z

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SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency (SMuRF) Electronics for Read Out of Frequency-Division-Multiplexed Cryogenic Sensors

Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2018)

S. A. Kernasovskiy Stephen Kuenstner E. Karpel Zeeshan Ahmed Daniel D. Van Winkle

10.1007/s10909-018-1981-5

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SLAC microresonator RF (SMuRF) electronics: A tone-tracking readout system for superconducting microwave resonator arrays

Review of Scientific Instruments (2023)

Cyndia Yu Zeeshan Ahmed J. Frisch Shawn Henderson Maximiliano Silva-Feaver

We describe the newest generation of the SLAC Microresonator RF (SMuRF) electronics, a warm digital control and readout system for microwave-frequency resonator-based cryogenic detector and multiplexer systems, such as microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers (μmux) or microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Ultra-sensitive measurements in particle physics and astronomy increasingly rely on large arrays of cryogenic sensors, which in turn necessitate highly multiplexed readout and accompanying room-temperature electronics. Microwave-frequency resonators are a popular tool for cryogenic multiplexing, with the potential to multiplex thousands of detector channels on one readout line. The SMuRF system provides the capability for reading out up to 3328 channels across a 4-8 GHz bandwidth. Notably, the SMuRF system is unique in its implementation of a closed-loop tone-tracking algorithm that minimizes RF power transmitted to the cold amplifier, substantially relaxing system linearity requirements and effective noise from intermodulation products. Here, we present a description of the hardware, firmware, and software systems of the SMuRF electronics, comparing achieved performance with science-driven design requirements. In particular, we focus on the case of large-channel-count, low-bandwidth applications, but the system has been easily reconfigured for high-bandwidth applications. The system described here has been successfully deployed in lab settings and field sites around the world and is baselined for use on upcoming large-scale observatories.

Firmware

10.1063/5.0125084

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Citations (24)

Microwave Multiplexing on the Keck Array

Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2019)

A. Cukierman Zeeshan Ahmed S. Henderson E. Young Cyndia Yu

Coaxial cable

Coaxial

Transition edge sensor

Frequency-division multiplexing

10.1007/s10909-019-02296-2

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Citations (10)

Measuring the electron neutrino mass with improved sensitivity: the HOLMES experiment

Journal of Instrumentation (2017)

A. Giachero Bradley K. Alpert Daniel Becker D. A. Bennett M. Biasotti

HOLMES is a new experiment aiming at directly measuring the neutrino mass with a sensitivity below 2 eV . HOLMES will perform a calorimetric measurement of the energy released in the decay of 163Ho. The calorimetric measurement eliminates systematic uncertainties arising from the use of external beta sources, as in experiments with spectrometers. This measurement was proposed in 1982 by A. De Rujula and M. Lusignoli, but only recently the detector technological progress has allowed to design a sensitive experiment. HOLMES will deploy a 1000 pixels array of low temperature microcalorimeters with implanted 163Ho nuclei. HOLMES, besides being an important step forward in the direct neutrino mass measurement with a calorimetric approach, will also establish the potential of this approach to extend the sensitivity down to 0.1 eV and lower. The detectors used for the HOLMES experiment will be Mo/Cu bilayers TESs (Transition Edge Sensors) on SiNx membrane with gold absorbers. Microwave multiplexed rf-SQUIDs are the best available technique to read out large array of such detectors. An extensive R&D activity is in progress in order to maximize the multiplexing factor while preserving the performances of the individual detectors. To embed the 163Ho into the gold absorbers a custom mass separator ion implanter is being developed. The current activities are focused on the the single detector performances optimization and on the 163Ho isotope production and embedding. A preliminary measurement of a sub-array of 4× 16 detectors is planned late in 2017. In this contribution we present the HOLMES project with its technical challenges, its status and perspectives.

10.1088/1748-0221/12/02/c02046

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Citations (16)

14 - pixel , multiplexed array of gamma-ray microcalorimeters with 47eV energy resolution at 103keV

Applied Physics Letters (2007)

W. B. Doriese Joel N. Ullom James A. Beall W. D. Duncan L.F. Vieira Ferreira

The authors present a prototype for a high-energy-resolution, high-count-rate, gamma-ray spectrometer intended for nuclear forensics and international nuclear safeguards. The prototype spectrometer is an array of 14 transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an average energy resolution of 47eV (full width at half maximum) at 103keV. The resolution of the best pixel is 25eV. A cryogenic, time-division multiplexer reads out the array. Several important topics related to microcalorimeter arrays are discussed, including cross-talk, the uniformity of detector bias conditions, fabrication of the arrays, and the multiplexed readout. The measurements and calculations demonstrate that a kilopixel array of high-resolution microcalorimeters is feasible.

Transition edge sensor

10.1063/1.2738371

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Citations (67)

New Experimentally Observable Gamma-ray Emissions from 241Am Nuclear Decay

arXiv (Cornell University) (2021)

K. Koehler Michael Duncan Yoho Matthew H. Carpenter Mark Croce D. J. Mercer

With the high resolution of microcalorimeter detectors, previously unresolvable gamma-ray lines are now clearly resolvable. A careful measurement of 241Am decay with a large microcalorimeter array has yielded never before seen or predicted gamma lines at 207.72 +/- 0.02 keV and 208.21 +/- 0.01 keV. These have been made possible because of new microwave-multiplexing readout and improved analysis algorithms for microcalorimeters.

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Citations (1)