Objective
To assess the effectiveness of transrectal radiofrequency hyperthermia in men with chronic prostatitis (CP), and explore the changes of IL-8, IL-10, TNF-equency hyperthermia in men wi CP patients pre-treatment and post-treatment.
Chronic prostatitis can affect the sperm's quality. Previous studies have shown that transrectal microwave thermotherapy (TRMT) results in symptomatic relief in patients with chronic prostatitis, but the effects on sperm have not been carefully investigated. This study evaluates the impact of TRMT on the relief or decrease of symptoms and quality of sperm when used to treat patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. TRMT treatment was administered over 5 days, 1 h per day. Semen examination was carried out pretreatment and immediately at the conclusion of the 5-day treatment. Also, it was repeated 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months later. The treatment's symptom relief efficacy was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). After the treatment, the overall NIH-CPSI scores were lower compared to those of pretreatment. In addition, the white blood cells and lecithin in expressed prostatic secretion were normal after the treatment. The sperm count was decreased by 23.8% 3 months after the treatment, sperm motility was reduced by 10.3% immediately after treatment, and sperm deformity was increased by 17.2%. The sperm volume and PH were not affected. However, the sperm quality recovered after treatment and the malformation rate was also lower at 6 months after treatment. TRMT is a favorable and safe treatment option for patients with nonbacterial chronic prostatitis. It could relieve the patient's symptoms and impact on sperm quality in the short-term.
To explore the protective effect of amphiregulin (Areg) on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mice and its underlying mechanism.(1) Male C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were selected for animal experiments and divided into 3 groups (n = 10) according to the random number table method, which includes sham-operated group (Sham group), ARDS model group [ARDS model in mice was established by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 mg/kg] and ARDS+Areg intervention group [recombinant mice Areg (rmAreg) 5 μg was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour after LPS modeling]. The mice were sacrificed at 24 h after LPS injection lung histopathological changes were observed under hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and scored for lung injury; oxygenation index and wet/dry ratio of lung tissue were measured; the content of protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was detected by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method, the level of inflammatory factors interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in BALF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (2) Mice alveolar epithelial cell line MLE12 cells were obtained and cultured for experiment in vitro. Blank control group (Control group), LPS group (LPS 1 mg/L) and LPS+Areg group (rmAreg 50 μg/L was added 1 hour after LPS stimulation) were set. The cells and culture fluid were collected at 24 hours after LPS stimulation, and the apoptosis level of MLE12 cells was detected by flow cytometry; the activation level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax in MLE12 cells were detected by Western blotting.(1) Animal experiments: compared with the Sham group, the lung tissue structure of ARDS model group was destroyed, the lung injury score was significantly increased, the oxygenation index was significantly decreased, the wet/dry weight ratio of lung was significantly increased, and the levels of protein and inflammatory factors in BALF were significantly increased. Compared with ARDS model group, lung tissue structure damage was reduced, pulmonary interstitial congestion, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were significantly reduced, and lung injury score was significantly decreased (scores: 0.467±0.031 vs. 0.690±0.034) in ARDS+Areg intervention group. In addition, oxygenation index in ARDS+Areg intervention group was significantly increased [mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa): 380.00±22.36 vs. 154.00±20.74]. Lung wet/dry weight ratio (5.40±0.26 vs. 6.63±0.25), protein and inflammatory factors levels in BALF [protein (g/L): 0.42±0.04 vs. 0.86±0.05, IL-1β (ng/L): 30.00±2.00 vs. 40.00±3.65, IL-6 (ng/L): 190.00±20.30 vs. 581.30±45.76, TNF-α (ng/L): 30.00±3.65 vs. 77.00±4.16], and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). (2) Cell experiments: compared with the Control group, the number of apoptotic MLE12 cells was significantly increased in the LPS group, and the levels of PI3K phosphorylation, anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 level and pro-apoptotic gene Bax level were increased in MLE12 cells. Compared with the LPS group, the number of apoptosis in MLE12 cells was significantly reduced in the LPS+Areg group after administration of rmAreg treatment [(17.51±2.12)% vs. (36.35±2.84)%], and the levels of PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression in MLE12 cells were significantly increased (p-PI3K/PI3K: 2.400±0.200 vs. 0.550±0.066, p-AKT/AKT: 1.647±0.103 vs. 0.573±0.101, Bcl-2/GAPDH: 0.773±0.061 vs. 0.343±0.071), and Bax expression was significantly suppressed (Bax/GAPDH: 0.810±0.095 vs. 2.400±0.200). The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01).Areg could alleviate ARDS in mice by inhibiting the apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells through activating PI3K/AKT pathway.
It has been 20 years since china reform and open to the outside world.Over this time,the economy of China has grown by average 9.4 percent every year.This paper evaluates how advance of science and technology contribute to the economic development of China using Cobb-Douglas production function,and,analyses the factors that block the function of advance of science and technology.In the end,this paper put forward some suggestions and advise China should set up its national innovation system.
From the perspective of social influence, this study developed an integrated model to explain different roles of social referents in an individual's e-commerce adoption based on theory of planned behavior (TPB) and trust relative theories. On basis of available research, online consumers' social referents were divided into three types: interpersonal norm, social norm of subjective norm and external norm on website. Empirical data was collected from a survey of users to verify proposed hypotheses. The result shows that consumers' use intention towards e-commerce is mainly determined by subjective norm and consumer's trust belief. Both interpersonal and social norm have positive effect on use intention, with the former a more important role. External norm by external referents on website shows a positive impact on users' trust but no significant effect on use intention. After consideration of the impact of external referents on customer behavior intention, the social influence on consumer's use intention is extend and different roles of various social referents can be better explained.
Photocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an environmental friendly way to convert platform molecules into high-value chemicals. Here, Au/ZnO catalysts with different oxygen vacancies were fabricated by the deposition precipitation method and were used for the photocatalytic oxidation of HMF to FDCA under visible light irradiation. All of the Au/ZnO catalysts showed excellent photocatalytic oxidation selectivity to FDCA greater than 90% under mild conditions. The Au/ZnODP-H catalyst treated by H2 afforded the highest HMF conversion and the selectivities of FDCA up to 96.9%. The localized surface plasmon resonance effect of Au nanoparticles, oxygen vacancy, and the existence of the Schottky barrier enhance the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs of the catalyst, so as to enhance its photocatalytic activity. The active species trapping experiment and electron spin resonance analysis showed that •O2– and h+ were the active species responsible for the oxidation reaction. The recycle experiment also proved that the catalyst has good stability. This work provides a new strategy for the design of photocatalysts for converting biomass into high-value chemicals.
It is of great significance to develop an affordable and environmentally friendly method for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from inexpensive and abundant agricultural waste. Herein, FePO4 combined with organic acids such as mandelic acid were used as catalysts in a one-pot catalytic conversion of untreated wheat straw into HMF and furfural in a two-phase system of THF/H2O saturated by NaCl. H+, Fe(OH)2+, and Fe(OH)2+ originated from partially dissolved FePO4 in hot water together with organic acids provided Brønsted and Lewis acid sites for the cascade conversion of wheat straw. Whereas organic acid could regulate the concentrations of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites to promote the dehydration process of fructose and hinder the production of by-products and humins, boosting the yield of HMF and furfural. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The highest yield of HMF was 62.9% at 200 °C and 120 min, which is higher than the reported yield of HMF using lignocellulose as raw material in the current literature. Furfural has also achieved a higher yield (93.9%) at 180 °C and 90 min. This study demonstrates the rationality of the deployment of lignocellulose to produce furan compounds by organic acids and FePO4, providing the possibility for efficient production of HMF and furfural from recalcitrant agricultural waste.
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