Michael V. Mickelbart

Purdue University West Lafayette

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Mary Lu Arpaia

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Michael J. Gosney

Purdue University West Lafayette

Thomas E. Marler

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Chan Yul Yoo

Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology

Paul W. Robinson

University of California, Riverside

Paul M. Hasegawa

Purdue University West Lafayette

Guy W. Witney

University of California, Riverside

Douglass F. Jacobs

Purdue University West Lafayette

Kelly M. Stanton

Purdue University West Lafayette

Noel Anthony Mano

Purdue University West Lafayette

Cooperative Institutions

Purdue University West Lafayette

115

State Street (United States)

Agricultural Research Service

United States Department of Agriculture

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

University of California, Riverside

Plant (United States)

Cornell University

Michigan State University

Gyeongsang National University

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A comparative study of salt tolerance parameters in 11 wild relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana

Journal of Experimental Botany (2010)

Francesco Orsini Matilde Paino D’Urzo Günsu Inan Sara Serra Dong‐Ha Oh

Salinity is an abiotic stress that limits both yield and the expansion of agricultural crops to new areas. In the last 20 years our basic understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance and adaptation to saline environments has greatly improved owing to active development of advanced tools in molecular, genomics, and bioinformatics analyses. However, the full potential of investigative power has not been fully exploited, because the use of halophytes as model systems in plant salt tolerance research is largely neglected. The recent introduction of halophytic Arabidopsis-Relative Model Species (ARMS) has begun to compare and relate several unique genetic resources to the well-developed Arabidopsis model. In a search for candidates to begin to understand, through genetic analyses, the biological bases of salt tolerance, 11 wild relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana were compared: Barbarea verna, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hirschfeldia incana, Lepidium densiflorum, Malcolmia triloba, Lepidium virginicum, Descurainia pinnata, Sisymbrium officinale, Thellungiella parvula, Thellungiella salsuginea (previously T. halophila), and Thlaspi arvense. Among these species, highly salt-tolerant (L. densiflorum and L. virginicum) and moderately salt-tolerant (M. triloba and H. incana) species were identified. Only T. parvula revealed a true halophytic habitus, comparable to the better studied Thellungiella salsuginea. Major differences in growth, water transport properties, and ion accumulation are observed and discussed to describe the distinctive traits and physiological responses that can now be studied genetically in salt stress research.

10.1093/jxb/erq188

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DEVELOPMENT OF A PHENOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CALIFORNIA 'HASS' AVOCADO

Mary Lu Arpaia Paul W. Robinson Michael V. Mickelbart Guy W. Witney

Development of a phenology model for avocados could greatly enhance a grower's ability to plan management practices in relation to the events occurring within the tree. Knowledge of the time of root and shoot growth, flowering and fruit set, and the relationships between these events will allow for application of irrigation, fertilization, and other cultural practices at optimum times. While a model has been proposed (Whiley et al., 1988; Whiley and Wolstenholme, 1990), it is based on Queensland, Australia and South African environmental conditions. The growing conditions in these humid semi-tropical areas are characterized by wet summers and relatively dry winters. This is the opposite of the Mediterranean climate of California which is characterized by wet winters and dry hot summers. Furthermore, the model was developed using trees on seedling rootstocks. Clonal rootstocks are used in California orchards because of their resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi and may affect the phenology of the tree by influencing scion behavior. We currently have underway a long-term project to develop such a phenological model for the 'Hass' avocado in California. Planning for the project began in December 1991, and the field trial was installed in Spring 1992 at the UC South Coast Research and Extension Center in Irvine, California. Our first objective is to determine the relationships between root and shoot growth, flowering, fruit set and yield in the 'Hass' avocado. Secondly we will determine the effects of environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation on the phenology of 'Hass' avocado. The trees in this study are part of a larger rootstock trial which was planted in 1986 (Duke 7, D9 and Topa Topa rootstocks) and 1987 (Thomas) at the University of California South Coast Research and Extension Center in Irvine, CA. The following measurements and observations are collected:

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Chilling Requirement

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Seasonal changes in root dry matter and N content of lucerne crops under contrasting defoliation regimes.

Edmar Teixeira Derrick J. Moot Michael V. Mickelbart Hamish Brown

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Soil pH Effects on Growth and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Spiraea alba Du Roi and Spiraea tomentosa L.

HortScience (2012)

Michael V. Mickelbart Michael J. Gosney James J. Camberato Kelly M. Stanton

The North American native plants Spiraea alba and S. tomentosa have potential as landscape plants because they are small- to medium-sized shrubs with showy flowers that persist from early to late summer. However, the cultural requirements of these species are not well documented. Both species grow in slightly acidic soils in their native habitats. The objective of this work was to determine if the growth and/or appearance of these shrubs is affected by the neutral to slightly alkaline soils common throughout the Midwest. Spiraea alba grown from three seed sources and S. tomentosa grown from a single seed source were grown for 2 years in soils of different pH. Elemental sulfur (S) was incorporated into a Drummer silty clay loam with a pH of 7.2 to bring the pH to 5.8 and 6.4 2 years after incorporation, thus establishing plots with three pH levels for assessing growth and appearance. The soil pH increased to 6.4 and 6.8 in the amended plots between Years 2 and 3 after S incorporation. Soil concentrations of exchangeable magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were lowered with added S. Height and width varied among S. alba from different seed sources, and height and width of all plants were reduced when grown at the highest soil pH. Leaf greenness, specific leaf weight, and individual leaf area were unaffected by pH. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, zinc, and manganese were higher in lower soil pH, whereas Mg was lowest at the lowest soil pH. These results suggest that S. alba and S. tomentosa can be grown in neutral pH soils without an effect on plant appearance, but plant size will be less than at pH levels closer to the native soils for these species. Although some micronutrients were present at lower concentrations at the neutral pH, leaf greenness was unaffected, again suggesting that these plants may perform suitably outside of their native habitat pH range.

10.21273/hortsci.47.7.902

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Effects of Fertilization on Media Chemistry and Quercus rubra Seedling Development under Subirrigation

HortScience (2015)

Mindy L. Bumgarner K. Francis Salifu Michael V. Mickelbart Douglass F. Jacobs

Excessive fertilization may induce physiological drought and/or ion toxicity, which can reduce growth or cause mortality in cultured plants. Although nursery subirrigation produces stock of forest trees of equal or better quality to conventional overhead irrigation, detailed analyses of fertilization responses specific to these systems are lacking. We evaluated the effects of fertility applied as a 15N–9P–12K controlled-release fertilizer at rates equivalent to 0, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, or 3.6 g nitrogen (N) per plant on media properties and northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) seedling development grown with subirrigation. Aboveground plant growth and nutrient content of seedlings increased up to 1.8 g N/plant but declined at higher rates and total mortality occurred for treatments of 2.4 to 3.6 g N/plant by the end of cultivation. Root biomass generally declined with increasing fertilization. Media electrical conductivity (EC) increased with increasing fertility, particularly in the upper media layers, where values exceeded 3.0 dS·m −1 at the highest rates. Fertilization had little effect on media pH. Predawn leaf water potential and osmotic potential (ψ S ) were reduced at high nutrient applications. Thus, increasing fertility beyond ≈1.8 g N/plant in this subirrigation system apparently resulted in accumulation of excessive fertilizer salts in media and/or ion toxicity, which caused plant mortality. Because subirrigation systems are prone to persistence of residual fertilizer salts in the medium and holding tanks, fertilization prescriptions must be carefully tailored to species and cultural systems to prevent potential for plant damage associated with overfertilization.

10.21273/hortsci.50.3.454

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595 PB 173 `HASS' AVOCADO PHENOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA - PRELIMINARY RESULTS

HortScience (1994)

Paul W. Robinson Michael V. Mickelbart Mary Lu Arpaia

Measurements of flowering, yield, vegetative and root growth were begun in Spring 1992 to establish a phenological model for `Hass' avocado. Although rootstock (Thomas', Topa Topa', Duke 7' and `D9') did not affect the timing or intensity of bloom, differences in yield were observed. Flowering occurred in March - April in both years, although the intensity of bloom in 1993 was drastically reduced due to an extremely heavy 1992-93 crop. Vegetative flushes occurred in April (following bloom) and July in both years. In 1993, however, cumulative growth was ca. 10-fold greater. Rootstock did not affect the timing or intensity of vegetative growth in either year. In both years, vegetative growth preceded root growth. In 1992, there were no differences detected in the timing or intensity of root growth related to rootstock. In 1993, however, the `Topa Topa' rootstock produced more roots throughout the growing season. The timing and intensity of root growth during the spring flush were similar in both years. During Fall 1993, root growth rates, however, were consistently higher than those observed in 1992. Additionally, while root growth ceased in November 1992, roots have continued to grow through January 1994.

Vegetative reproduction

Bloom

Growing season

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.517c

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Different Leaf Anatomical Responses to Water Deficit in Maize and Soybean

Life (2023)

Noel Anthony Mano Bethany Madore Michael V. Mickelbart

The stomata on leaf surfaces control gas exchange and water loss, closing during dry periods to conserve water. The distribution and size of stomatal complexes is determined by epidermal cell differentiation and expansion during leaf growth. Regulation of these processes in response to water deficit may result in stomatal anatomical plasticity as part of the plant acclimation to drought. We quantified the leaf anatomical plasticity under water-deficit conditions in maize and soybean over two experiments. Both species produced smaller leaves in response to the water deficit, partly due to the reductions in the stomata and pavement cell size, although this response was greater in soybean, which also produced thicker leaves under severe stress, whereas the maize leaf thickness did not change. The stomata and pavement cells were smaller with the reduced water availability in both species, resulting in higher stomatal densities. Stomatal development (measured as stomatal index, SI) was suppressed in both species at the lowest water availability, but to a greater extent in maize than in soybean. The result of these responses is that in maize leaves, the stomatal area fraction (fgc) was consistently reduced in the plants grown under severe but not moderate water deficit, whereas the fgc did not decrease in the water-stressed soybean leaves. The water deficit resulted in the reduced expression of one of two (maize) or three (soybean) SPEECHLESS orthologs, and the expression patterns were correlated with SI. The vein density (VD) increased in both species in response to the water deficit, although the effect was greater in soybean. This study establishes a mechanism of stomatal development plasticity that can be applied to other species and genotypes to develop or investigate stomatal development plasticity.

Stomatal density

Epidermis (zoology)

Ecophysiology

10.3390/life13020290

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Citations (4)

Interaction between induced and natural variation atoil yellow1delays reproductive maturity in maize

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2019)

Rajdeep S. Khangura Bala P. Venkata Sandeep Marla Michael V. Mickelbart Singha R. Dhungana

Abstract We previously demonstrated that maize ( Zea mays ) locus very oil yellow1 (vey1) encodes a putative cis-regulatory expression polymorphism at the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene (aka oil yellow1 ) that strongly modifies the chlorophyll content of the semi-dominant Oy1-N1989 mutants. The vey1 allele of Mo17 inbred line reduces chlorophyll content in the mutants leading to reduced photosynthetic output. Oy1-N1989 mutants in B73 reached reproductive maturity four days later than wild-type siblings. Enhancement of Oy1-N1989 by the Mo17 allele at the vey1 QTL delayed maturity further, resulting in detection of a flowering time QTL in two bi-parental mapping populations crossed to Oy1-N1989 . The near isogenic lines of B73 harboring the vey1 allele from Mo17 delayed flowering of Oy1-N1989 mutants by twelve days. Just as previously observed for chlorophyll content, vey1 had no effect on reproductive maturity in the absence of the Oy1-N1989 allele. Loss of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Oy1-N1989 mutants and enhancement by vey1 reduced CO 2 assimilation. We attempted to separate the effects of photosynthesis on the induction of flowering from a possible impact of chlorophyll metabolites and retrograde signaling by manually reducing leaf area. Removal of leaves, independent of the Oy1-N1989 mutant, delayed flowering but surprisingly reduced chlorophyll contents of emerging leaves. Thus, defoliation did not completely separate the identity of the signal(s) that regulates flowering time from changes in chlorophyll content in the foliage. These findings illustrate the necessity to explore the linkage between metabolism and the mechanisms that connect it to flowering time regulation.

10.1101/706846

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Genotypic Variation for Glycinebetaine in Sorghum

Crop Science (2003)

Wen‐Ju Yang Patrick J. Rich John D. Axtell Karl V. Wood Connie C. Bonham

Glycinebetaine (GB) accumulation has been suggested to be an adaptive response to several abiotic environmental stresses. Genetic and metabolic studies of GB accumulation in maize ( Zea mays L.) indicate that recessive alleles of a single locus are responsible for the phenotype of GB nonaccumulation. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a similar genetically determined range of GB levels exists in the related C 4 species Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. In a preliminary analysis of 240 sorghum genotypes, sampled at the postflowering stage, total quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) levels in the betaine fraction of the flag leaves were found to range from as low as 0.1 μmol g −1 FW to as much as 33 μmol g −1 FW. Stable isotope dilution desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry of six genotypes with high QAC levels and five genotypes with low QAC levels confirmed that this variation could be attributed almost exclusively to genetic variability for GB level. GB‐nonaccumulating sorghum genotypes were confirmed to be GB‐non‐accumulating in a second year of field‐testing, and in greenhouse studies under salinized and non‐salinized conditions. GB levels increased with seedling age and/or salinization in GB‐accumulating genotypes. Also, GB levels were highest in the youngest leaves of GB‐accumulating sorghum genotypes. This work shows that GB is the major QAC in sorghum, that genetic differences in GB accumulation exist in sorghum as they do in maize, and that the level of GB in GB‐accumulating lines is developmentally and environmentally regulated. A list of GB levels of publicly available lines of sorghum is also provided.

Sweet sorghum

Betaine

10.2135/cropsci2003.1620

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Citations (132)

Analysis of glycinebetaine accumulation and its relation to salinity tolerance in sorghum

Michael V. Mickelbart

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