In this paper, a novel mathematical optimization model for the optimal load scheduling in smart buildings is presented. The proposed building energy management system uses the optimization model to make a quick and optimal load scheduling. Analysis of the results shows the stability of the propose model when solving the problem in residential smart buildings. Minimization of the use of the grid's power was achieved, which also led to a reduction in the electricity bill up to 26% for one specific user. Demand peaks were avoided and the demand curve was flattered at the end of the scheduling process. Moreover, the propose optimization model considers a fair payment constraint of the electrical bill for all users.
Microgrids have become valuable assets because they improve the reliability of consumers while integrating renewables via distributed energy resources (DERs). Thus, making them cost-efficient is essential to secure their proliferation. This paper proposes a new method for the optimal design of microgrids. The proposed two-stage method optimizes the size and the location of the DERs, i.e., the renewable energy sources (RESs), distributed generation (DG) units, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Furthermore, the overall operation of the microgrid is optimized using a stochastic scenario-based approach, considering grid-connected and unintentional islanded modes. The proposed method also considers internal network reinforcements. Thus, the first stage is an energy-based approach, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem, and it is used to size the DERs, whereas the second stage uses an optimal AC power flow (AC-OPF) to formulate a mixed-integer non-linear programming MINLP model that allocates the DERs, and selects the best conductor for each circuit. The multi-objective nature of the problem is addressed via Pareto optimization to analyze the trade-off between operational and capital costs. The MINLP model is linearized through piecewise approximations and solved using commercial solvers. Furthermore, the impact of battery degradation is analyzed through a simple adaptation of the stage 1 model. Results were obtained with data from the real university campus microgrid CampusGrid, located at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in São Paulo, Brazil.
In this paper, a generalization of the λ-Method for the economic dispatch (ED) problem in an islanded electrical distribution system (EDS) is presented. The proposed approach is based on primal-dual constrained decomposition, which allows decomposing the centralized problem into small-scale problems that can be solved in parallel and independently by each unit. Active and reactive resources are taken into account in order to consider the technical operation of the EDS. A technical implementation based on the classic droop control is also proposed, in order to reduce the communication needs of the units and the leader unit. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, simulations were performed on the IEEE 118-bus system. The capability of the algorithm to respond to unexpected changes in load consumption, non-dispatchable generation, and faults in units were assessed. Finally, the flexibility and model independence characteristics of this approach are also shown considering prohibited operational zones (POZ) for some units.
This paper introduces a convex model based on mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) for the optimal operation of a battery energy storage system (BESS), and a hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) in an electrical distribution network (EDN), to provide the peak load shaving. The model minimizes the cost of the energy procurement from the substation, as well as the operational costs of the energy storage systems (ESSs). Three cases are presented according to the ESSs included in the EDN: the first one considers only the BESS operation. On the other hand, the second one considers only the HESS operation. Both the BESS and the HESS operation are carried out in the third one. The model has been tested in an 11-node radial network with solar and wind generation. Although the BESS operation reaches the greatest reductions in peak load demand and energy procurement cost, HESS is also capable to realize the peak shaving.
In order to contribute to the discussion of defining a generalized power theory, valid for unbalanced and non linear circuits, this paper discusses the relationship and discrepancies among four modern power theories. Three-phase four-wire circuits, under different conditions, have been analyzed, since the most conflicting and intriguing interpretations take place in case of return conductor occurrence. Simulation results of different load, power supply and line conditions will be discussed in order to elucidate the author's conclusions and to provoke the readers for additional discussions.
In this paper, the economic impact of the active power droop gain in droop-based microgrids has been studied. To accomplish this, a theoretical analysis is presented first. This analysis is used to study a simple case in which the solution of the economic dispatch problem is compared with the dispatch obtained after applying the standard definition of the droop gains for the droop-controlled DGs, given by the Standard IEEE 1547.7. Then, the mathematical model for the optimal power flow of droop-based islanded microgrids is used to simulate and study a real unbalanced three-phase system. Results have shown that the standard definition guarantees a proper active power sharing among all the DG units, independent of the load level. However, as shown by the simulations, the standard definition does not necessarily correspond to the solution with minimum active power losses and can have a significant economic impact when compared with the optimal economic dispatch solution.
This paper investigates the major similarities and discrepancies among three important current decompositions proposed for the interpretation of unbalanced and/or non linear three-phase four-wire power circuits. The considered approaches were the so-called FBD Theory, the pq-Theory and the CPT. Although the methods are based on different concepts, the results obtained under ideal conditions (sinusoidal and balanced signals) are very similar. The main differences appear in the presence of unbalanced and non linear load conditions. It will be demonstrated and discussed how the choice of the voltage referential and the return conductor impedance can influence in the resulting current components, as well as, the way of interpreting a power circuit with return conductor. Under linear unbalanced conditions, both FBD and pq-Theory suggest that the some current components contain a third-order harmonic. Besides, neither pq-Theory nor FBD method are able to provide accurate information for reactive current under unbalanced and distorted conditions, what can be done by means of the CPT.
In order to contribute to the discussion of defining a generalized power theory, valid for unbalanced and non linear circuits, this paper discusses the relationship and discrepancies among four modern power theories. Three-phase four-wire circuits, under different conditions, have been analyzed, since the most conflicting and intriguing interpretations take place in case of return conductor occurrence. Simulation results of different load, power supply and line conditions will be discussed in order to elucidate the author's conclusions and to provoke the readers for additional discussions.