Capture of surveillance data on mobile devices and rapid transfer of such data from these devices into an electronic database or data management and decision support systems promote timely data analyses and public health response during disease outbreaks. Mobile data capture is used increasingly for malaria surveillance and holds great promise for surveillance of other neglected tropical diseases. We focused on mosquito-borne dengue, with the primary aims of: 1) developing and field-testing a cell phone-based system (called Chaak) for capture of data relating to the surveillance of the mosquito immature stages, and 2) assessing, in the dengue endemic setting of Mérida, México, the cost-effectiveness of this new technology versus paper-based data collection. Chaak includes a desktop component, where a manager selects premises to be surveyed for mosquito immatures, and a cell phone component, where the surveyor receives the assigned tasks and captures the data. Data collected on the cell phone can be transferred to a central database through different modes of transmission, including near-real time where data are transferred immediately (e.g., over the Internet) or by first storing data on the cell phone for future transmission. Spatial data are handled in a novel, semantically driven, geographic information system. Compared with a pen-and-paper-based method, use of Chaak improved the accuracy and increased the speed of data transcription into an electronic database. The cost-effectiveness of using the Chaak system will depend largely on the up-front cost of purchasing cell phones and the recurring cost of data transfer over a cellular network.
Novel, low-cost approaches to improving prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, such as mosquito-borne dengue and malaria, are needed in resource-constrained environments. The Chaak application supports the use of cell phones for field capture and rapid transfer of mosquito vector surveillance data to a central database. The cell phones exploit existing communication infrastructure, introduce near real-time monitoring, and provide rapid feedback to field data collectors. Dengue is a mostly an urban disease, thus occurring in environments that often have good cell phone coverage. Cell phones eliminate the need for physical data communication. A preliminary evaluation shows that the use of cell phones can lower labor costs, data collection time, and transcription errors. Keywords-Android applications; dengue; mosquito control; mosquito immatures; public health; field testing
Path planning for autonomous vehicles is a challenging computer vision problem. In this work, we propose an algorithm to generate dynamically a smooth path for trajectory guidance of an autonomous vehicle. For this, we use B-spline curves and the perspective-distorted images obtained from an onboard camera. The theoretical principles of the algorithm are presented in detail. Preliminary results obtained with an experimental prototype are shown.