Given the intrinsic low energy and high consumption characteristics of sensor nodes, it is imperative to explore strategies for achieving energy-efficient routing within wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A significant body of existing research on clustered routing algorithms for WSNs has concentrated on employing heuristic optimization algorithms to facilitate the selection of routing paths. However, once the number of sensor nodes or the deployment environment changes, the algorithm's performance can fluctuate significantly, potentially requiring redesign and retuning. In this article, we propose the clustered routing algorithm based on forwarding mechanism optimization (CRFMO), which defines separate routing rules for intracluster and intercluster communication, providing suitable communication paths for nodes. The algorithm eschews the complex procedure of parameter tuning during the routing path selection process and contributes to expediting WSN deployment and balancing node load pressure, ultimately extending the network's operational lifespan. Simulation outcomes reveal that, in comparison to LEACH-IACA and IMP-LEACH, the CRFMO algorithm markedly enhances energy distribution balance, equalizes the burden among nodes, sustains high network coverage over an extended period, which enhances the quality of network monitoring, and significantly extends the lifetime of the network.
Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT). The sensor nodes(SNs) in WSNs are powered by batteries, making energy efficiency and network lifetime key issues in WSNs research. Cluster-routing algorithms are a focal point for addressing energy efficiency challenges. Selecting cluster heads (CHs) based on clustering algorithms can reduce the energy consumption of SNs and enhance overall network stability and sustainability. This paper introduces a method for selecting the number of clusters (\({N_C}\)) and CHs based on fuzzy clustering. The fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm requires pre-setting the number of clusters, with no inclusion of CHs information in the output after running the algorithm. The number of clusters and selection of CHs were determined using the elbow rule and scoring criteria for CHs selection. The performance of the network under different monitoring areas is simulated and analyzed in this paper. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of network energy consumption and lifetime.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) can be used in many fields. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes transmit data in multi hop mode. The large number of hops required by data transmission will lead to unbalanced energy consumption and large data transmission delay of the whole network, which greatly affects the invulnerability of the network. Therefore, an optimal deployment of heterogeneous nodes (ODHN) algorithm is proposed to enhance the invulnerability of the wireless sensor networks. The algorithm combines the advantages of DEEC (design of distributed energy efficient clustering) clustering algorithm and BAS (beetle antenna search) optimization algorithm to find the globally optimal deployment locations of heterogeneous nodes. Then, establish a shortcut to communicate with sink nodes through heterogeneous nodes. Besides, considering the practical deployment operation, we set the threshold of the mobile location of heterogeneous nodes, which greatly simplifies the deployment difficulty. Simulation results show that compared with traditional routing protocols, the proposed algorithm can make the network load more evenly, and effectively improve energy-utilization and the fault tolerance of the whole network, which can greatly improve the invulnerability of the wireless sensor networks.
During the course of upgrading urban and rural power grids at large scale in China, distribution automation construction of Jinan Power Supply Company has some success. This thesis analyzes technical limitations of Jinan Power Supply Company ten years ago and points out four problems of traditional distribution automation system. In order to solve the problems, this thesis proposes intelligent distribution automata ion system. The system is divided into three subsystems and its integration design including distribution control SCADA system, distribution GIS system and distribution management system. Data platform is used to achieve stable and reliable data interaction of each module so as to improve practicability of distribution automation system. This thesis introduces general construction mode of distribution automation system designed on the basis of this idea, including distribution automation master station system construction, distribution automation information interaction bus construction and distribution production management command platform construction. Therefore, it forms distribution network regulation and control integration construction mode.
Based on semantically annotated Web APIs, automatic Web API composition can be implemented easily. The operation can greatly improve efficiency of building a software system. However, in real world, semantic annotation for Web APIs will encounter various difficulties, because of their distribution and function diversity, such as disunited API description formats, response result with complex structure, shortage of business domain ontologies, semantic conflicts among distributed knowledge, and so on. To solve these difficulties, we propose a JSON-LD based Web API semantic annotation approach (JWASA). JWASA can assist professional developers to semi-automatically complete semantic annotation of Web APIs. A common Web API description ontology is firstly defined, including necessary vocabularies about invocation information, functional semantics, and non-functional features. Then, JWASA automatically converts a Web API description into a document in an united JSON format, and assist developers to semi-automatically embed semantic information of crucial elements of the API by means of a lightweight Linked Data format JSON-LD. Meanwhile, a semantic annotation specification is proposed to deal with various complex situations in Web API description, e.g: too many response parameters, no request parameters, etc. In addition, to improve efficiency of annotation, JWASA provides some extra operations, including automatic new ontology or vocabulary creation, automatic functional semantics extraction etc. Also, JWASA provides semi-automatically bridge rule generation algorithm, which can infer implied relationships among vocabularies (e.g: sub-class, super-class, equality). JWASA focuses on the semantic annotation of functionality of Web APIs, and can create effective semantic Web APIs for future API automatic composition. We implement a prototype system and carry out a series of experiments to evaluate JWASA on real Web APIs crawled from Internet. Experiments show that our approach is effective and efficient.
This paper analyses the concepts and features of Agent, builds an architecture of the mine safety knowledge management information platform based on the Agent and a data-driven model which under the distributed network environment. It studies the functional demand of the platform, puts forward the functional frame of the platform and describes the function of related modules.
In collaborative environment, to complete a business often needs cross-organizational cooperation. Traditional workflow modeling methods cannot express this kind of cooperation completely. Furthermore, current workflow systems lack adaptability and flexibility. Firstly, this paper made use of the basic cooperative unit and virtual cooperative unit to model cooperation within one organization or among organizations. Then, it used knowledge related to them to express the cooperation. After that, a collaborative process based on cooperative units meta-model was proposed. On the basis of the meta-model, a knowledge-based adaptive collaborative work system implementation framework was designed. In this framework, knowledge management for cooperative units was involved, which give collaborative process better adaptability and flexibility.
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