The aim of this research is to precisely discuss and appraise the success of different approaches to the development to antiplatelet drugs.Platelets play a main function in haemostasis and the development of arterial thrombosis that is the final event complicating cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, and antiplatelet drugs improve survival of patients with these diseases.Antiplatelet drugs are aimed to avert and/or reverse platelets aggregation in arterial thrombosis, most significantly in myocardial infarction (MI), ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease.The current therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting platelet aggregation: inhibition of cyclooxygenase, such as aspirin; inhibition of phosphodiesterases III and V and adenosine uptake by red blood cells, such as dipyridamole and cilostazol; inhibition of the platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 receptor, such as ticlopidine and clopidogrel; inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors that prevent fibrinogen binding, such as abciximab; and increasing nitric oxide level, such as triflusal.A range of new drugs are currently in different phases of clinical trials, including reloading of clopidogrel, the improvement of drug efficacy, thrombin receptor inhibition, thromboxane receptor inhibition, oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition, phosphodiesterases inhibitors, and signalling pathways inhibition are revolution in the development of antiplatelet drugs.A greater understanding of a patient response can improve the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet therapy.This can be achieved by drug dose adjustment based on functional testing, by changing drugs combination, or by developing more potent and safer drugs. INTRODUCTION:Platelets play a main function in haemostasis and the development of arterial thrombosis that is the final event complicating cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, and antiplatelet drugs improve survival of patients with these diseases 1, 2, 3, 4 .
Ononis natrix is one of the wild plants from the Fabaceae family. The infusion of the plant is traditionally used for the therapy of urinary tract disorders. Urolithiasis is a deposit of stone components (oxalate, calcium, uric acid, magnesium, cysteine) in the kidneys. The formulation of stones occurs in consecutive stages. Nephrolithiasis is consecration as one of the most common Kidney diseases. Numerous phytomolecules have several functions in the management of urolithiasis. The aim was to investigate the possible litholytic effect of O. natrix extracts against calcium oxalate urinary stones. Stones were collected from urolithiasis patients after surgical procedures. The type of the stones was determined by FTIR spectroscopy, selected of calcium oxalate type, and the experiment was performed by incubating three concentrations (0.5, 1, 2) g/L of aerial parts and root extracts (ethanolic 70% and aqueous) in-vitro with physiological saline (NaCl 9 g/L) for 6 weeks. The results were presented as dissolution rate % compared to positive control (sodium citrate 3 mmol/L) and negative control (physiological saline 9 g/L). The ethanolic 70% extract of the aerial parts in the concentration of 2 g/L showed the highest litholytic activity (47.73% ± 0.66%) at the end of the experiment (week 6) followed by the concentration of 1 g/L (34.81 %± 1.25%) with statistically significant difference (P <0.0001) in comparison with sodium citrate (4.18% ± 2.13%) and physiological saline (1.37% ± 0.22%). The results exhibit that the litholytic activity of O. natrix extracts was higher in the aerial parts than the roots, it was also higher in the ethanolic extracts than the aqueous extracts, which is related to their flavonoid content.
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