Early Korea:Re-thinking Boundaries and Identities Jack Davey (bio) and Dennis Lee (bio) introduction The last ten years have been productive for Korean archaeology and early Korean historical studies. A mature practice of field archaeology in Korea is producing more excellent data every year. There has been a flurry of new scholarship both within and outside Korea, with many studies rethinking and re-evaluating commonly held assumptions and beliefs regarding the interpretation of material culture, and significantly, much more of these data and associated research are available in English than ever before. Of particular note here are the Early Korea volumes produced by the Early Korea Project at Harvard University and the 2015 (vol. 54, no. 1) special issue of Asian Perspectives. These sources have provided excellent introductions and surveys of major periods and issues within early Korean archaeology and history. The current special issue is the result of a conference on "Interdisciplinary Approaches to Early Korea" held at University of California, Berkeley on 27 April 2017. The conference brought together scholars working on material from the Korean peninsula who blend history and archaeology in interesting ways or eschew traditional approaches entirely. The goal of this conference and this special issue is not to offer another "state of the field" overview, but to highlight the diverse and innovative approaches of early career scholars working outside of Korean academia. As a result, this issue is not strictly archaeological, historical, or focused on any one time period. The articles draw on literary studies, archaeometric techniques, and critiques of mainstream historiography in addition to more traditional historical and archaeological methodologies. It might be better thought of as a showcase of scholarship ranging chronologically from the Mumun, Iron Age, and Proto-Three Kingdoms to the Three Kingdoms periods of Korea, all under the interdisciplinary heading of "Early Korea." Although the contributors cover a variety of different topics and time periods, several coherent themes emerge from their collective work, discussed below. We hope that by providing a frame through which to think through these broader issues, scholars working elsewhere in East Asia will find value in these articles. [End Page 2] Deconstructing Geonationalism and Redrawing Boundaries Investigation of the colonial origins and nationalistic biases that underpin much of the foundational work in Korean archaeology and history has been undertaken both inside and outside of Korean academia. While Hyung Il Pai's (2000) study remains one of the most significant critiques of such biases published in English, it has recently been joined by other sophisticated works by Stella Xu (2016) and Yi Sŏngju (2017). Rather than repeating their criticisms, several of the contributors published in this special issue highlight equally pervasive aspects of geonationalism inherent to Korean, Japanese, and Western scholarship of early Korea (Lee 2014). They examine hegemonic textual interpretations and commonly understood regionalisms that presuppose cultural unity within the peninsula and thus constrain our understanding of local cultural dynamics. This is one of a number of new directions being pursued by archaeologists and historians in Korea (for further reflections on archaeological practice, consult recent issues of the premier Korean archaeological journal, Han'guk Kogo Hakpo 韓國考古學報). Dennis Lee challenges the traditional and textually-derived understanding of Paekche's control of the southern peninsula in the fourth century. He redraws Paekche's southern boundaries through a critical appraisal of the problematic Jingū narrative of the Nihon shoki. Rather than following the "Yamato" or "Paekche" invasion interpretations of previous scholars, Lee suggests that a close reading of the Jingū passage itself entirely refutes the idea of an invasion. Furthermore, the material culture of the supposedly conquered Yŏngsan River Basin region actually points to a culturally independent group largely absent from the historical record. Similarly, Hari Blackmore deconstructs the Chungdo cultural sphere idea that has pervaded scholarship of the Iron Age archaeology of Central Korea. He argues that the monolithic archaeological cultures usually assigned to Mahan and Ye do not reflect the true complexity of the material in both regions and need to be reevaluated. Jack Davey, Lauren Glover, and J. M. Kenoyer push back against assumptions of "Korea" as a unit of analysis by situating the peninsula in a larger Asian context...
A key comparison of DC voltage at 1.018 V and 10 V has been conducted from 2009 to 2011 between APMP member laboratories and the BIPM. All participants' results (except one) are within the uncertainty of comparison reference value and also within the uncertainty of the CIPM key comparison reference value of the BIPM.EM-K11.3, approximately 0.08 μV/V for 10 V and 0.2 μV/V for 1.018 V ( k =2). The result of the comparison is supposed to successfully provide participating laboratories with the opportunity to compare national standards within the region, and to support participants' entries in Appendix C of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report . Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/ . The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Interpreted languages have become increasingly popular due to demands for rapid program development, ease of use, portability, and safety. Beyond the general impression that they are "slow," however, little has been documented about the performance of interpreters as a class of applications.This paper examines interpreter performance by measuring and analyzing interpreters from both software and hardware perspectives. As examples, we measure the MIPSI, Java, Perl, and Tcl interpreters running an array of micro and macro benchmarks on a DEC Alpha platform. Our measurements of these interpreters relate performance to the complexity of the interpreter's virtual machine and demonstrate that native runtime libraries can play a key role in providing good performance. From an architectural perspective, we show that interpreter performance is primarily a function of the interpreter itself and is relatively independent of the application being interpreted. We also demonstrate that high-level interpreters' demands on processor resources are comparable to those of other complex compiled programs, such as gcc. We conclude that interpreters, as a class of applications, do not currently motivate special hardware support for increased performance.
Rho kinase (ROCK1) mediates vascular smooth muscle contraction and is a potential target for the treatment of hypertension and related disorders. Indazole amide 3 was identified as a potent and selective ROCK1 inhibitor but possessed poor oral bioavailability. Optimization of this lead resulted in the discovery of a series of dihydropyridones, exemplified by 13, with improved pharmacokinetic parameters relative to the initial lead. Indazole substitution played a critical role in decreasing clearance and improving oral bioavailability.
The diverse and highly specific interaction between RNAs and proteins plays an essential role in many important biological processes. In the glutamine aminoacylation system, crystal structures of the free and ligated macromolecules have provided a description of the tRNA-protein interactions at the molecular level. This data lays the foundation for genetic, biochemical, and structural analyses to delineate the set of key interactions that governs the structure-function relationships of the two macromolecules. To this end the chromosomal tRNA(Gln) genes were disrupted in Escherichia coli to produce a tRNA(Gln) knockout strain that depends upon expression of a functional tRNA(Gln) from a plasmid for cell viability. Mutants of an inactive tester tRNA derived from tRNA(Ala) were generated by hydroxylamine mutagenesis, and the active derivatives were selected by their ability to support knockout cell growth. Two of the mutants contained substitutions in the first base pair of the acceptor stem that likely facilitate the formation of a hairpin loop that places A76 in the active site. The third mutation was located at position 13 in the D loop region of the tRNA, and suggests that an interaction with residue 13 contributes to a specific conformational change in unliganded GlnRS, which helps configure the enzyme active site in its catalytically proficient form. This work demonstrates the efficacy of an integrated approach that combines genetic selections and biochemical analyses with the physical data from crystal structures to reveal molecular steps that control the specificity of RNA-protein interactions.
In this Full Research Category paper, we will provide a detailed description of how we are using analytical memo-writing within a mixed methods grounded theory study. The goal of our work is to identify key elements from undergraduate research experiences (UREs) that can be translated into the classroom by exploring the connections between engineering students' researcher identities, perceptions of research, and epistemic thinking within the context of UREs. The qualitative phase of our study which is the focus on this paper takes a grounded theory approach as we explore our research questions using in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted by researcher pairs, transcribed, and cleaned. Preliminary analysis, which included initial coding, was conducted by researcher pairs to increase the validity of the analysis and facilitate analytical discussions between researchers. After initial coding, the researcher pairs constructed analytical memos with three parts: (1) summary of the participant (factual representation), (2) summary of salient themes/codes/analysis, and (3) connections of themes/analysis to other participants. We are using these memos to facilitate a constant comparative approach across participants, communicate and understand complex relationships between concepts, and enhance the development of our grounded theory model. As part of our description of our analytical memos, we provide details and examples from our study for each part of the memo. We also discuss the ways in which we have found the analytical memos to be helpful in our analysis. In particular, we discuss our use of the theoretical coding (three-part coding where you identify context, mechanism, and outcome) and magnitude coding (quantify qualitative data by creating Likert-type Scales for specific concepts) of our memos, which allow us to explore relationships between concepts and produce empirical support for the connections within our grounded theory model.
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