Abstract Background Uncorrected refractive error (URE) is a readily treatable cause of visual impairment (VI). This study provides updated estimates of global and regional vision loss due to URE, presenting temporal change for VISION 2020 Methods Data from population-based eye disease surveys from 1980–2018 were collected. Hierarchical models estimated prevalence (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]) of blindness (presenting visual acuity (VA) < 3/60) and moderate-to-severe vision impairment (MSVI; 3/60 ≤ presenting VA < 6/18) caused by URE, stratified by age, sex, region, and year. Near VI prevalence from uncorrected presbyopia was defined as presenting near VA < N6/N8 at 40 cm when best-corrected distance (VA ≥ 6/12). Results In 2020, 3.7 million people (95%UI 3.10–4.29) were blind and 157 million (140–176) had MSVI due to URE, a 21.8% increase in blindness and 72.0% increase in MSVI since 2000. Age-standardised prevalence of URE blindness and MSVI decreased by 30.5% (30.7–30.3) and 2.4% (2.6–2.2) respectively during this time. In 2020, South Asia GBD super-region had the highest 50+ years age-standardised URE blindness (0.33% (0.26–0.40%)) and MSVI (10.3% (8.82–12.10%)) rates. The age-standardized ratio of women to men for URE blindness was 1.05:1.00 in 2020 and 1.03:1.00 in 2000. An estimated 419 million (295–562) people 50+ had near VI from uncorrected presbyopia, a +75.3% (74.6–76.0) increase from 2000 Conclusions The number of cases of VI from URE substantively grew, even as age-standardised prevalence fell, since 2000, with a continued disproportionate burden by region and sex. Global population ageing will increase this burden, highlighting urgent need for novel approaches to refractive service delivery.

Presbyopia

Visual Impairment

10.1038/s41433-024-03106-0

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Efficacy of CGRP Inhibitors in Preventive Pharmacotherapy for Migraine—A Network Meta-analysis and Systematic Review (P8-12.005)

Neurology (2024)

Aman Bhonsale Vinay Suresh Muhammad Aaqib Shamim Malavika Rudrakumar Venkata Vamshi Krish Dondapati

To assess the efficacy of CGRP inhibitors in migraine prevention by conducting a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Pharmacotherapy

10.1212/wnl.0000000000206369

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The Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Indian School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ophthalmic Epidemiology (2025)

Vijay Kumar Manya Soni Vineeth Rajagopal Ashish Behera Aravind P. Gandhi

Refractive errors (REs) are a significant cause of vision impairment and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are the most prevalent forms. In developing regions, including India, the prevalence and impact of REs, particularly among school-aged children, is profound, affecting their academic performance and overall quality of life. This review aimed to consolidate data from studies published post-2018 to provide updated prevalence estimates of REs among Indian school children. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in May 2024 across four databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Inclusion criteria focused on cross-sectional studies from India, reporting the prevalence of REs among school-aged children. Out of 1434 studies, 43 met the inclusion criteria. The overall pooled prevalence of REs was 11% (95% CI: 0.08-0.15). The subgroup analysis showed a slight decline in prevalence post-COVID-19, from 12% to 11%. Prevalence was higher in cycloplegic studies at 12%, compared to 10% in non-cycloplegic. Myopia was the most prevalent RE at 8%, with astigmatism at 3% and hyperopia at 1%. No significant gender differences were found. The meta-regression does not indicate a statistically significant relation between the year of publication and the prevalence of RE. REs, particularly myopia, pose a significant burden among Indian schoolchildren. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall prevalence of REs has remained stable. These findings emphasize the need for continued vision screening programs and targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors.

Systematic error

10.1080/09286586.2025.2450346

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Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2024)

Hmwe Hmwe Kyu Avina Vongpradith Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez Jianing Ma Samuel B Albertson

Diarrhoeal disease

10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00691-1

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2024)

Rose G Bender Sarah Brooke Sirota Lucien R Swetschinski Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez Amanda Novotney

Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are a major global contributor to morbidity and mortality. In 2020-21, non-pharmaceutical interventions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reduced not only the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also the transmission of other LRI pathogens. Tracking LRI incidence and mortality, as well as the pathogens responsible, can guide health-system responses and funding priorities to reduce future burden. We present estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 of the burden of non-COVID-19 LRIs and corresponding aetiologies from 1990 to 2021, inclusive of pandemic effects on the incidence and mortality of select respiratory viruses, globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories.

Pandemic

10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00176-2

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Efficacy of Pharmacotherapies in Improving Cognitive Function in Vascular Dementia: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (P11-9.006)

Neurology (2024)

Debankur Dey Vinay Suresh Muhammad Aaqib Shamim Binish Javed Bishal Dhakal

To compare the effectiveness of various pharmacotherapies in improving cognitive function in patients with vascular dementia, by conducting a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Vascular dementia

10.1212/wnl.0000000000206157

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Rationale and design of Dapagliflozin vErsus SacubiTrIl-valsartaN therapY in Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction (DESTINY-HF): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial protocol

BMJ Open (2024)

Krishna Raj Tiwari Surender Deora Rahul Choudhary Atul Kaushik Pradeep Dwivedi

Background Heart failure affects almost 64 million people, with more than half of it constituting heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i) are in the first line for HFrEF, but no head-to-head trials are available. Moreover, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been demonstrated as a promising prognostic marker, specifically for HFrEF, but has not been explored much. Methods This pragmatic randomised controlled trial recruits 100 patients with HFrEF (ejection fraction <40%) of New York Heart Association (NYHA) II–III and allocates them in a 1:1 ratio to the dapagliflozin and sacubitril/valsartan groups. The primary objective is to assess the difference in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide serum levels at the end of 16 weeks. The secondary efficacy objectives are to assess GDF-15, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-overall summary score and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Patients will be assessed at baseline, fourth week and 16th week after randomisation. As health technology assessment practices widely differ in countries, cost assessment is a vital factor to consider. The cost needed to treat one cardiovascular event is also compared between both groups. The occurrence of safety events will also be evaluated at each follow-up point. Conclusion This pragmatic study aims to compare the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin versus sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF in real-world settings. The study aims to provide clinicians with data to make informed decisions regarding the preferred drug class. Additionally, examining the impact of ARNI and SGLT2i on GDF-15 levels could offer better insights into prognosis among patients with HFrEF. Ethics and dissemination This study involves human participants and was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee at AlIMS Jodhpur with reference number AIIMS/IEC/2023/5842 approved this study. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. The research findings will be disseminated via closed group discussions at the site of study, scientific conferences, peer-reviewed published manuscripts, and social media. Trial registration number CTRI/2023/12/060772.

Sacubitril, Valsartan

Sacubitril

Dapagliflozin

10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089562

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Efficacy and safety of pregabalin versus gabapentin among chronic pruritus patients: a randomized study

International Journal of Dermatology (2024)

Aswini Saravanan Abhishek Anil Abhishek Bhardwaj Ravindra Shukla Nitin Kumar Bajpai

Pregabalin

10.1111/ijd.17551

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Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Aplastic Anemia During Pregnancy and Delivery: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

European Journal Of Haematology (2024)

Aashima Arora Arihant Jain Deepesh Lad D. Ganguly Pankaj Khatri

ABSTRACT Background Little scientific evidence exists on maternal and fetal outcomes in aplastic anemia (AA) during pregnancy. Aim The review was conducted to assess the maternal and fetal outcomes due to AA during pregnancy. Data Sources Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and registries until May 5, 2024. Study Eligibility Criteria Studies (prospective, retrospective cohort, cross‐sectional, one arm, survey, follow‐up studies) evaluating AA during pregnancy were searched as per PROSPERO registered protocol (CRD42024506668). Case reports, case series, expert opinion letters, and studies assessing less than or equal to 10 pregnant women were not considered. The primary outcome was the prevalence of preeclampsia in AA pregnancies. The secondary outcomes included spontaneous abortion, preterm premature rupture of membranes, premature rupture of membranes, fetal growth restriction, type of delivery, intrauterine fetal death, maternal and neonatal mortality, and pre and post‐pregnancy remission status comparison. Methods The quality of research was checked using the New Castle‐Ottawa risk‐of‐bias tool. A meta‐analysis model with a random effect distribution, coupled with meta‐regression, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment, was used in the statistical software R. Standard Equator network study reporting guidelines were followed. Results Seven (one prospective and six retrospective cohort) studies included patients with confirmed AA diagnosis in 248 pregnancies. The pooled prevalence of preeclampsia was 13% (95% CI, 8%–20%). Heterogeneity was low in the present meta‐analysis ( I 2 = 26%). The secondary outcome evaluation showed a pooled prevalence of 5% (95% CI, 3%–11%) for spontaneous abortion, 4% (95% CI, 1%–11%) for preterm premature rupture of membranes, 10% (95% CI, 3%–28%) for premature rupture of membranes, 6% (95% CI, 3%–11%) for fetal growth restriction, 5% (95% CI, 2%–13%) for intrauterine fetal death, 12% (95% CI, 5%–26%) for post‐partum hemorrhage, 74% (95% CI, 45%–91%) for intrapartum transfusion requirement, and 55% (95% CI, 27%–80%) for the cesarean delivery opting. The maternal mortality in pregnancies with AA was 4% (95% CI, 0.01–0.14), whereas neonatal mortality was 7% (95% CI, 0.03–0.18). The odds of AA complete remission were better in pre‐pregnancy than post‐pregnancy (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.08–1.66), although the results remain insignificant. The leave‐one‐out sensitivity analysis did not change the pooled estimates for the primary outcome. Conclusion A risk of developing preeclampsia was observed in every eighth pregnant woman with an AA diagnosis. AA remission status might worsen after undergoing pregnancy, considering the significant obstetric morbidity and mortality burden.

Aplastic anemia

10.1111/ejh.14317

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