Abstract Background To evaluate the cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and determine the cluster patterns of cytokines. Methods Fifty IBD patients and 21 systemically healthy children were enrolled in the study. The GCF samples were collected from the participants during periodontal examination and periodontal indices were recorded. Based on activity indexes and response to conventional treatment, patients with IBD were further categorized into subgroups as: remission, active disease, and treatment‐resistant. Serum samples were obtained from IBD patients to determine serum levels of cytokines. The levels of pro‐ (interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐12, IL‐21, IL‐22, IL‐23, IL‐17A, IL‐17F) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4, IL‐10) cytokines in serum and GCF were measured using Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Results Among 50 IBD patients, 58% were in remission, 20% had active disease, and 22% were defined as treatment‐resistant. The severity of gingival inflammation measured by the criteria of Löe had increasing trends in IBD patients with active disease and treatment resistance. GCF IL‐1β level was lower and GCF IL‐4 and GCF IL‐23 levels were higher in IBD patients compared to healthy controls. In the active disease group, more cytokine clusters occurred compared to the control group and other IBD subgroups, as explained by increased cytokine‐cytokine interactions. Conclusions Considering the increased complexity of cytokine interactions and the increased severity of gingival inflammation in patients with active disease, it can be concluded that disease activity might have an impact on gingival inflammation in pediatric patients with IBD.
Objective: An imbalance in the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines may be responsible for periodontal breakdown through immune responses. This study aimed to determine the total amount, concentration and ratio of interleukin (IL)‐11 and IL‐17 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. Materials and methods: Forty CP patients and 20 healthy controls (C) were included. The CP group was divided into two subgroups in line with the probing depth (PD) in GCF‐sampling sites (CPa: PD ≥ 5 mm, CPb: PD ≤ 4 mm). For each patient, gingival index, plaque index, gingival bleeding time index, PD, and clinical attachment level values were recorded. IL‐11 and IL‐17 in GCF were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Results: The total amount and concentration of IL‐11 and IL‐17 were significantly lower in the CPa group (P < 0.05). The C group has the highest IL‐11:IL‐17 ratio, followed by CPb and CPa groups respectively. The ratio was significantly lower in CPa group than the CPb and C groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data confirm that the decreased ratio of IL‐11:IL‐17 may be a factor, which has shown this imbalance between the cytokines’ activities in deeper pockets in our study.
Abstract Aim Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is men's most common form of hair loss. It is affected by changes in the expression and activity of 5αR and the metabolism of testosterone and DHT. There is an association between AGA and systemic inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that there is an association between AGA and periodontal disease, as inflamed gingiva and periodontal fibroblasts have been shown to express more 5αR. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between periodontal disease and AGA and the potential effect of aging on this association. Materials and Methods Out of a cohort of 1088 individuals, 385 white males aged 25–65 with similar socioeconomic levels and without systemic disease were included. Periodontitis was defined using NHANES data. AGA was evaluated using the Norwood–Hamilton scale. The relationship between AGA, periodontal disease severity, and age was assessed. Results There was a correlation between age and baldness ( r = .421, p < .001). There was a significant correlation between AGA and periodontal disease in younger patients aged 25–34 and 35–44. ( p < .042 and p < .036, respectively). There was no significant correlation between AGA and periodontal disease in the 45–54 and 55–65 age groups ( p > .05). Conclusion There may be a relationship between periodontal disease and AGA in the 25–44 age range, suggesting that this association starts at an early age in adulthood.
Background Necessity of keratinized tissues (KTs) for maintaining health around dental implants (DIs) remains as a controversial issue. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of KT width (KTW) on peri-implant tissues by evaluating peri-implant clinical and inflammatory parameters. Materials and Methods Sixty DIs were included in this 6-month longitudinal study. After classifying DI based on the presence of KTs at the buccal aspect as with adequate/inadequate KTW, DIs were randomly assigned into three study groups. In the first group, while free gingival graft (FGG) was performed, DIs in maintenance (M) group were followed up by standardized maintenance procedures at baseline, first, third, and sixth months as with DI with adequate KTW (Control). Clinical parameters, peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) volume, PISF Interleukin 1β concentration, and bone loss were analyzed. Results Significant improvements in clinical and immunological parameters were noted only for FGG for the whole study period. Statistical differences detected between the treatment groups (FGG vs M) were for gingival index at all time points and for PISF volume at sixth month. For the other parameters evaluated, while lower values were observed for FGG, statistically no differences were noted between the groups. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that FGG performed around DIs lacking KT is a reliable method, leading to significant improvements in clinical and inflammatory parameters. Further long-term studies including more DIs are needed to clarify the role of KT on maintenance of DIs.
Cathepsin-K is an enzyme involved in bone metabolism. This feature may make it important both for natural teeth and dental implants. The aims of the present study were to comparatively analyze cathepsin-K levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) and to determine whether GCF and PISF cathepsin-K profiles reflect the clinical periodontal/peri-implant status.Clinical parameters (probing depth, Gingival Index, Plaque Index, and bleeding on probing) were recorded, and GCF/PISF samples were obtained from natural teeth (group T) and dental implants (group I), which were divided into groups based on health (clinically healthy, gingivitis/peri-implant mucositis, and periodontitis/peri-implantitis). Cathepsin-K activity was determined with a commercially available cathepsin-K activity assay kit (BioVision).Sixty natural teeth and 68 dental implants were examined. Teeth with periodontitis (group T-3) showed significantly higher total cathepsin-K activity (10.39 units) than teeth with gingivitis (group T-2, 1.71 units) and healthy teeth (group T-1, 1.90 units). The difference in cathepsin-K activity between groups T-2 and T-1 was not significant. Implants with peri-implantitis (group I-3) had higher total enzyme activity (10.26 units) than healthy implants (group I-1) (3.44 units). Although the difference between clinical parameters was not significant, group I-3 had higher cathepsin-K levels than group I-2 (4.74 units). When natural teeth (T-1, T-2, T-3) were compared to implants (I-1, I-2, I-3), no significant differences were observed for cathepsin-K levels.More cathepsin-K activity was clearly observed with inflammatory periodontal and peri-implant destruction. The highest cathepsin-K levels detected in GCF and PISF samples, obtained from sites with periodontitis and peri-implantitis, suggests the potential involvement of cathespin-K in increased bone metabolism around natural teeth and dental implants.
The objective of this article is to present 3 various types of gummy smile treated with botulinum toxin-A injection per site at Yonsei points. The patients, who visited the department to demand a more aesthetic smile, were classified according to gummy smile type: asymmetric, anterior, and mixed. Botulinum toxin-A injection at Yonsei point was considered. Preinjection and postinjection pictures were taken, and the severity of excessive gingival display was measured for each tooth between second premolars. Two weeks after botulinum toxin injections, no complication was noted. The amount of excessive gingival display for each tooth between second premolars was measured less than 3 mm, and the percentage of improvement for each case was calculated 100%. The botulinum toxin injection at Yonsei point may be a predictable and noninvasive treatment option for various types of gummy smile.
Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is an early-onset periodontal disease characterized by progressive bone loss involving the permanent first molar and incisor teeth. Approximately 70% to 75% of LJP patients have impaired neutrophil chemotaxis towards a number of chemoattractants including N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenyl-alanine, complement fragment C5a, leukotriene B4, and interleukin 8 (IL-8). The aim of the present study was to observe the role of IL-8 in the pathogenesis of LJP. Fourteen individuals who were systemically and periodontally healthy and 24 systemically healthy individuals diagnosed with LJP (based on the results of clinical periodontal assessments and radiographic examination) were recruited for this study. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained from anterior teeth in each subject before treatment. After evaluation of GCF amount from paper strips, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay was employed to determine the amount of IL-8 in GCF. The amount and concentration of IL-8 measured was 894.5 +/- 435 pg, and 445.3 +/- 468 pg/microl for the experimental group and 747.3 +/- 543 pg and 684.7 +/- 548 pg/microl, for the control group. The correlation among the levels of cytokine and clinical parameters was assessed. It was observed that the concentration of IL-8 demonstrated a negative correlation with gingival index in the LJP group. In addition, no significant correlation was found among the total amount and concentration of IL-8, GCF volume, and clinical parameters in the control group. IL-8 is thought to enhance host defense mechanisms against gram-negative bacteria, thus providing protection against periodontal infections. Our data demonstrate that, when both the total amount and concentration of IL-8 are taken into consideration, no significant difference between LJP and healthy subjects is shown. This may indicate a less active IL-8 production compared with healthy subjects in spite of the dense Gram bacterial stimulation in LJP.
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