The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential modulating effects of Allium mongolicum regel ethanol extract (AME) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation (BH) bacteria in vitro. Four Holstein cows were used as donors for the rumen fluid used in this study. In experiment 1, five treatments (supplemented with 0 mg/g, 1 mg/g, 2 mg/g, 3 mg/g, and 4 mg/g of AME based on fermentation substrate, respectively) were conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of AME on fermentation status in vitro. The results showed that after 24 h of fermentation, MCP was reduced with AME supplementation (p < 0.05), and the multiple combinations of different combinations index (MFAEI) value was the highest with 3 mg/g of AME. In experiment 2, six treatments were constructed which contained: control group (A1); the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) mixture at 3% concentration (A2); the mixture of A2 and 3 mg/g of AME (A3); 3 mg/g of AME (A4); the UFA mixture at 1.5% concentration (A5); the mixture of A5 and 3 mg/g of AME (A6). The abundance of bacterial species involved in BH was measured to evaluate the potential modulating effect of AME on rumen BH in vitro. Compared with the A1 group, the A3, A4, and A6 groups both showed significant decreases in the abundance of rumen BH microbial flora including Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus albus and Clostridium aminophilum (p < 0.01). The A3 group was less inhibitory than A4 in the abundance of B. proteoclasticus, B. fibrisolvens, and R. albus, and the inhibitory effect of the A6 group was higher than that of A4. In conclusion, the supplementation with 3 mg/g of AME could modulate the rumen fermentation and affect BH key bacteria, which suggests that AME may have the potential to inhibit the rumen BH of dairy cows.
This study investigated the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on lamb birth weight.45 Mongolian ewes, synchronized for oestrus and then mated, were divided into four groups and offered 0.86 MJME/kgw -0.75 d -1 (control group; CG : ad libitum access to feed), 0.44 MJME/kgw -0.75 d -1 (Restricted Group 3; R3), 0.33 MJME/kgw -0.75 d -1 (Restricted Group 2; R2) and 0.20 MJME/kgw -0.75 d -1 (Restricted Group 1; R1) respectively during late pregnancy (90-150 days).During restriction, maternal net body weight loss, insulin and NEFA concentrations and lamb birth weight were measured.The results indicated that loss of maternal body weight in R3, R2 and R1 was 4.42, 7.23, 11.13 kg respectively, which was significantly (p<0.01)higher than that in CG (0.93 kg).Insulin concentrations of the ewes in R1, R2 and R3 were lower and were significantly different (p<0.05) between restricted groups and CG at 124 d of pregnancy.NEFA concentrations in all groups tended to decrease from 90d of gestation to parturition and in R1 were significantly (p<0.05)lower than in CG at 124 d of gestation.Lamb birth weight in R1 was significantly lower than in R2, R3 and CG (p<0.05).In conclusion, with decreasing supply of maternal nutrition, the retardation of fetal growth became worse.When the plane of nutrition was below 0.33 MJME/kgw -0.75 d -1 , significant effects of maternal undernutrition on lamb birth weight were observed.(
Abstract We determined the effects of a combination of C18 unsaturated fatty acids (C18-UFAs) consisting of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids on milk lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells ( BMECs) . By orthogonal experiments to determine cellular triacylglycerol ( TAG ) accumulation, a combination of 200 μmol/l C18 : 1, 50 μmol/l C18 : 2, and 2 μmol/l C18 : 3 was selected as C18-UFAs combination treatment, and culture in medium containing fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin was used as the control. The expression of genes related to milk lipid synthesis and intracellular FA composition was measured. The results showed that cytosolic TAG formation was higher under C18-UFAs treatment than under control treatment. The mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase - α ( ACACA ), fatty acid synthase ( FASN ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARG ) did not differ between treatments. The abundance of stearoyl-CoA desaturase ( SCD ) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 ( ACSL1 ) was higher, whereas that of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 ( SREBF-1 ) was lower after C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment. The C16 : 0 and SFA content was decreased following C18-UFAs treatment compared to control treatment, while the cis -9 C18 : 1 and UFA content was increased. In conclusion, C18-UFAs could stimulate triglyceride accumulation, increase the cellular UFA concentration, and regulate lipogenic genes in BMECs.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel extracts on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat color, and concentrations of three branched-chain fatty acids related to flavor in ram lambs. Methods: Sixty 3-month-old, male, small-tailed Han sheep were selected and randomly allocated into four groups in a randomized block design. Four feeding treatments were used: i) a basal diet without supplementation as the control group (CK); ii) the basal diet supplemented with 10 g/lamb/d <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel powder as the AMR group; iii) the basal diet supplemented with 3.4 g/lamb/d <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel water extract as the AWE group; and iv) the basal diet supplemented with 2.8 g/lamb/d <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel ethanol extract as the AFE group. Results: The results demonstrated that the dry matter intake was lower for the AFE group than that in other groups (p = 0.001). The feed conversion ratio was greater for the AFE than that in other groups (p = 0.039). Dietary supplementation with <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of 4-methyloctanoic acid (MOA) (p<0.001), 4-ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) (p<0.001), and 4-methylnonanoic acid (MNA) (p = 0.044) in perirenal adipose tissue compared to those observed in the CK lambs. Dietary supplementation with <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p<0.001) in dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to those in the CK lambs. The concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p = 0.002) in omental adipose tissue were significantly affected by treatment, although there was a tendency for lower MNA (p = 0.062) in AMR, AWE, and AFE lambs than that in CK lambs. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that <i>Allium mongolicum</i> Regel and its extracts could significantly promote feed efficiency, although dry matter intake decreased and could decrease the MOA and EOA concentrations related to characteristic flavor and odor of body fat in lambs, except for tail adipose tissue.
Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Allium mongolicum Regel (AMR) and its water‐ and fat‐soluble extracts on the quality of fermented mutton sausages. Sausages were produced with mutton and fat. Four treatments: CO, without Allium mongolicum Regel and its extracts, used as control; AMR with Allium mongolicum Regel; AWE with water‐soluble extract of Allium mongolicum Regel; and AFE with liposoluble extract from Allium mongolicum Regel, were produced and analyzed for pH, water activity ( a w ), free amino acids, fatty acids, and volatiles were, respectively, in fermented mutton sausages during processing (0, 2, 5, and 7 days). The results showed that the pH values of the liposoluble extract from Allium mongolicum Regel (AFE), respectively, are lower than that of sample CO at the end of fermentation and ripening. The a w in all group of sausages significantly dropped to 0.88 at the end of ripening (Day 7). Adding Allium mongolicum Regel and its water‐soluble extract can improve the serine (SER) content of fermented mutton sausage. The contents of five essential amino acids (EAA) were added when adding Allium mongolicum Regel and its fat‐soluble extract. The total fatty acid (TFA) in the treatments increased during drying and ripening. The addition of Allium mongolicum Regel and its extract can increase the content of volatile flavor substances such as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methylbutyraldehyde, hexanal, octanal, and nonanal at the later stage of maturity, so as to improve the flavor substances in fermented mutton sausage. Water‐soluble extract of Allium mongolicum Regel (AWE) and AFE treatments had more intense flavor at the end of ripening (Day 7). The flavor of fermented mutton sausage can be improved by adding Allium mongolicum Regel and its extracts into fermented mutton sausage.
Sixty male Small-tailed Han sheep (initial body weight: 42.5 ± 4.1 kg) were assigned randomly and averagely into four groups to evaluate effects of flavonoids extracted from Allium mongolicum Regel (AMR) on meat quality and composition of fatty acids related to flavor in longissimus dorsi muscle of lambs. Lambs of four groups were fed a basal control diet (C), and basal diet + three different amounts of flavonoids extracted from the AMR; those were 11 mg kg −1 (Flav 11), 22 mg kg −1 (Flav 22), or 33 mg kg −1 (Flav 33), respectively. Dressing percentage, loin eye area, cooking loss, and pressing loss were affected by treatments (P < 0.05). Percentage of intramuscular fat, the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid, C18:0, total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, and 4-methyloctanoic acid in longissimus dorsi muscle were changed by treatments (P < 0.05). Addition of AMR to diet improved the meat quality and had favorable effects on fatty acid composition related to meat flavor in longissimus dorsi muscle.
The potential combined effects of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids supplementation on lactation performance and the milk fatty acid (FA) profile in dairy cows have not been well investigated. Our objective was to examine the effects of supplementation with a combination of these FA as well as the effects of removing each from the combination on lactation performance and the milk FA profile in dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows (101±11 days in milk) received four intravenously infused treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design, and each period lasted for 12 days which consisted of 5 days of infusion and 7 days of recovery. The control treatment (CTL) contained 58.30, 58.17 and 39.96 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively. The other three treatments were designated --C18 : 1 (20.68, 61.17 and 41.72 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively), -C18 : 2 (61.49, 19.55 and 42.13 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively) and -C18 : 3 (60.89, 60.16 and 1.53 g/day of C18 : 1 cis-9; C18 : 2 cis-9, cis-12; and C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, respectively). Dry matter intake and lactose content were not affected by the treatments, but the milk protein content was lower in cows treated with -C18 : 2 than that in CTL-treated cows. Milk yield as well as milk fat, protein and lactose yields were higher in cows treated with -C18 : 3 than the yields in CTL-treated cows, and these yields increased linearly as the unsaturation degree of the supplemental FA decreased. Compared with the CTL treatment, the -C18 : 2 treatment decreased milk C18 : 2 cis-9 content (by 2.80%) and yield (by 22.12 g/day), and the -C18 : 3 treatment decreased milk C18 : 3 cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 content (by 2.72%) and yield (by 22.33 g/day). In contrast, removing C18 : 1 cis-9 did not affect the milk content or yield of C18 : 1 cis-9. The -C18 : 2-treated cows had a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 content and tended to have a higher C18 : 1 cis-9 yield than CTL-treated cows. The yields of C8 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 as well as
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing different qualities of forages and concentrate content on milk fat composition and genes that encode mammary lipogenic enzymes in dairy cows. A total of 20 Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment diets composed of either mixed forages (MF, starch : 21.50%) or corn stover forage (CS, starch : 25.39%). Mammary tissue biopsies were performed to analyze the mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes. Dry matter intake, body weight, milk protein, and lactose were not affected by treatments. The milk yield, fat content and saturated fatty acid (SFA) and short- and medium-chain fatty acid (SMFA) contents in milk were lower in the CS diet than in the MF diet, but the unsaturated FA and long-chain FA contents were higher. Genes involved in de novo FA synthesis, FA uptake and transport, and Δ9-desaturation were lower in the CS treatment than in the MF treatment. No effects on the nuclear transcription factors were observed between the two treatments. The data indicated that corn stover diet reduced the milk yield, fat content, SMFA, and SFA contents in milk, as well as the gene expression of mammary lipogenic enzymes in dairy cows.
AbstractBackground Three key branched-chain fatty acids (4-methyloctanoic acid, 4-ethyloctanoic acid, 4-methylnonanoic acid) (KBCFAs) have been identified as the primary contributors to the formation of mutton odor. Given the potential of Allium mongolicum regel in regulating mutton flavor (MF) and the regulation of rumen microbiota, it is hypothesized that Allium mongolicum regel may alter the structure of the gastrointestinal microbiota, subsequently affecting pathways related to odor synthesis, thus improving the flavor of lamb meat. Methods A total of twenty lambs (Small-tailed Han sheep × Dorper sheep) were randomly selected and divided into two experimtetal groups. (1) basal diet as control group (CON); (2) basal diet supplement with 15 g/lamb/day Allium mongolicum regel powder as treatment group (AMR). The experimental period lasted for a total of 75 days. The effects of dietary AMR supplementation on lamb rumen fermentation, the three branched-chain fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, and rumen microbiota were evaluated. Reasults. A comparison of the two groups revealed that the AMR group exhibited a notable reduction in the concentration of propionate and total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05), while the AMR group demonstrated a significant decline in the concentration of KBCFAs in the LD muscle (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotellaat the genus level was found to be significantly reduced in the AMR group (P< 0.05), as was the relative abundance of Prevotella sp. Rep29 at thespecies level is significantly reduced in the AMR group (P < 0.05). The GH94 showed the positive correlation with MOA (R = 0.88, P < 0.05), while GT2 showed a negative correlation with EOA (R = -0.92, P = 0.03 ). The influential heatmap revealed that MNA demonstrated significantly negative correlations with Eubacterium callanderi, Intestinibaculum porci, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Serratia marcescens (P < 0.05). MOA showed significantly positive correlations with Prevotella sp. Rep29, and Chamaesiphon minutus, and showed significantly negative correlations with Eubacterium callanderi (P < 0.05). EOA were positively correlated with Prevotella sp. Rep29 and Pyramidobacter piscolens (P < 0.05). The co-occurrence networks indicate that bacterial stability in the rumen surpasses that of archaea, which in turn exceeds that of fungi. The KEGG pathways K01579, K17723, and K18933 are significantly upregulated in the AMR group in the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway (P < 0.05).
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