The acquisition of procedural knowledge is vital to learning content that emphasizes steps and sequences. However, such learning is difficult for learners in conventional teaching settings. Although research has confirmed that augmented reality (AR) is effective in enhancing learning-related memory, no studies have verified whether AR can effectively enhance memory of procedural knowledge. In this study, an AR mobile application was used to assist in the teaching of Microsoft Excel by guiding students through steps for performing Excel operations and thereby establishing their procedural knowledge of eight Excel formulas. The objective was to verify whether AR could effectively help students retain memory of procedural knowledge. This empirical study on 68 student participants revealed that students using the AR system retained adequate memory of procedural operations 2 weeks after completing the Excel classes.
Analysis of cold-responsive genes from Vitis amurensis stress inducement, defense reactions, transcription factors, etc.Some functional genes identified from the cDNA library have potential for plant defense.These sequences will be subjected to further researches on hardiness genes and their molecular mechanisms.
Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is an endangered species that is endemic to China, which provides an important gene pool for wheat improvement. We developed a quick and reliable PCR-based diagnostic assay to accurately and efficiently detect P. huashanica DNA sequences from introgression lines, which was based on a species-specific marker derived from genomic DNA. The 900-bp PCR-amplified band used as a P. huashanica-specific RAPD marker was tested with 21 different plant species and was converted into a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker by cloning and sequencing the selected fragments (pHs11). This SCAR marker, which was designated as RHS23, could clearly distinguish the presence of P. huashanica DNA repetitive sequences in wheat-P. huashanica derivative lines. The specificity of the marker was validated using 21 different plant species and a complete set of wheat-P. huashanica disomic addition lines (1Ns–7Ns, 2n=44=22II). This specific sequence targeted the Ns genome of P. huashanica and it was present in all the seven P. huashanica chromosomes. Therefore, this SCAR marker is specific for P. huashanica chromosomes and may be used in the identification of alien repetitive sequences in large gene pools. This diagnostic PCR assay for screening the target genetic material may play a key role in marker-assisted selective breeding programs.
Plant responses to water deficit occur in a complex framework of organ interactions, but few studies focus on the effect of drought stress on all organs in a whole-plant. The effects of repeated dehydration and rehydration (DH) on physiological and biochemical responses in various organs of Periploca sepium Bunge (P. sepium) were investigated. The leaf relative water content decreased significantly during drought, but recovered and showed an increase when compared to well-watered control plants. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in mature and old leaves, but decreased in young leaves, new stems and fine roots during drought, indicating that the young and vigorous tissues of a whole-plant are protected preferentially from the oxidative stress. Among all organs, the fine roots showed the highest levels of proline, total free amino acids (TFAA) and Na+, while the leaves showed the highest levels of total soluble sugars (TSS), soluble proteins (SP), Ca2+ and Mg2+. The response to DH differed in different organs, both in magnitude and in the type of solutes involved. Drought stress increased the contents of proline, TFAA, TSS, SP and K+ in all organs of P. sepium plants, while the accumulation amounts were obviously different among the organs. The storage starch in stems and roots plays an important role in providing carbohydrates for growth. Changes in Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ under DH presented a high degree of organ specificity. Our data indicates that response strategies are different between different organs; therefore, evidence the needs to integrate all the information in order to better understand plant tolerance mechanisms.
Abstract Background AI can positively influence teaching by offering support for classroom management, creating inclusive learning environments, enhancing digital skills, personalizing teaching methods, and strengthening teacher‐student relationships. Objectives This quantitative research study investigates the opportunities, difficulties, and consequences of incorporating AI into teacher education. Methods Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 202 college students and 68 staff members. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results The study provides a novel contribution by its thorough investigation of the diverse effects of AI on teacher education. It offers beneficial perspectives on the possible benefits and challenges, illuminating the far‐reaching changes that AI could bring to the terrain of learning and instruction and teaching methods in the time yet to come. The research sought to assess the effect of AI adoption in teacher education across five main dimensions: (i) its influence on teaching support and classroom management, (ii) its role in creating inclusive and accessible learning environments, (iii) its contribution to improving teachers' digital literacy and computer skills, and enhancing access to digital teaching resources, (iv) its positive influence on identifying students' learning styles and facilitating the adoption of diverse teaching methods, and (v) its role in strengthening teacher‐student relationships through improved interactions. Conclusion The findings elucidate the promising opportunities that AI presents in the field of teacher education, along with the obstacles that require resolution for the effective fusion of AI educational settings.
The resistance of wild Vitis germplasm, including Chinese and American wild Vitis and Vitis vinifera cultivars, to powdery mildew (Uncinula necator Burr.) was evaluated for two consecutive years under natural conditions. Most of the Chinese and North American species displayed a resistant phenotype, whereas all of the European species were highly susceptible. The Alachua and Conquistador accessions of Vitis rotundifolia species, which originated in North America, were immune to the disease, while Baihe-35-1, one of the accessions of Vitis pseudoreticulata, showed the strongest resistance among all Chinese accessions evaluated. Three rapid amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, OPW02-1756, OPO11-964, and OPY13-661, were obtained after screening 520 random primers among various germplasm, and these markers were found to be associated with powdery mildew resistance in Baihe-35-1 and in some Chinese species, but not in any European species. Analysis of F₁ and F₂ progenies of a cross between resistant Baihe-35-1 and susceptible Carignane (V. vinifera) revealed that the three RAPD markers were linked to the powdery resistant trait in Baihe-35-1 plants. Potential applications of the identified RAPD markers for gene mapping, marker-assisted selection, and breeding were investigated in 168 F₂ progenies of the same cross. Characterization of the resistant phenotype of the selected F₂ seedlings for breeding a new disease-resistant grape cultivar is in progress.
In order to quickly and accurately detect the display defects of electric meter LCD screen, this paper proposed an electric meter LCD screen defect detecting method based on convolutional neural network (CNN). First, a horizontal straight line of LCD screen frame is found by LSD line detection method for tilt correction. Second, the LCD area is positioned by normalized correlation matching of the corrected image. Then, the accurate positions of the meter characters are located by the characters position information generated by a template annotation tool. Finally, a CNN is used to perform character defect detecting and OCR recognizing on the segmented meter characters. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the method of positioning and detecting the LCD screen characters is about 99%. At the same time, the CNN has an OCR recognition function, which can accurately identify the meter LCD screen characters.
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from corn contain relatively large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and some yeast components, which may increase oxidative stress and alter immune function, respectively, when fed to broilers. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the effects of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) on broilers under immunosuppressive challenge. One-day-old male broiler chickens (300) were assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates pretreatment. Birds were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 15% corn-based DDGS, respectively. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks in 2 phases. On day 21, serum IgA, IgG content and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) capacity were analyzed. Chickens were then randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups: negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal diet without dexamethasone (DEX) challenge, positive control (PC) corn-soybean meal diet with (DEX) challenge, 15% DDGS without DEX challenge (D), 15% DDGS with DEX (D+DEX). Based on these results, dietary DDGS did not influence ADG, ADFI and F:G of 21 d, 28 d and 42 d chicks (P > 0.05), however, DEX affected ADG and F:G of 28 d chicks remarkably (P < 0.05). Relative weights of liver, abdominal fat, spleen, thymus, and bursa were influenced by DEX challenge on d 28 (P < 0.05). DDGS reduced serum T-AOC, T-SOD, whereas increased IgA, IgG and MDA of 21-day-old broilers significantly (P < 0.05). Dietary DDGS also reduced liver T-SOD of 21-day-old broilers significantly (P < 0.05). Based on real-time PCR, 28 d chicks fed DDGS had a greater relative abundance of mRNA encoding IL-4 and IL-6 (P < 0.05), whereas DEX decreased the expression of GPX, IL-6, IL-10 (P < 0.05). Thus, 15% dietary DDGS inclusion has the beneficial effects on immune functions for broilers to some degree.
Shinyleaf yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia), family Sapindaceae, is a common ornamental and afforestation plant widely grown in northwest China because it is well adapted to cold, arid and barren environments. There have been no previous reports of phytoplasma infections in this species. During a survey in 2008, 9% of shinyleaf yellowhorn plants in the ornamental gardens of Northwest A&F University displayed symptoms resembling phytoplasma infection. Affected plants showed leaf roll, as well as little leaf symptoms, which greatly reduced the ornamental value of the plants. On the basis of symptoms and transmission electron microscopy observations, nested PCR assays were used to verify association of phytoplasma with the disease. Total nucleic acids were extracted from the leaf veins of eight plants with, and six plants without symptoms, using the modified CTAB method (Angelini et al., 2001). Using phytoplasma universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by R16F2n/ R16R2, PCR products of 1·4-kb and a 1·2-kb respectively, were amplified only from plants showing symptoms. After sequencing of the 16S rDNA fragment from one sample (GenBank Accession No. FJ459913), a BLAST search determined that the shinyleaf yellowhorn leaf roll (SYLR) phytoplasma shared closest homology with 16SrI-D aster yellows group members (Lee et al., 1998). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed SYLR phytoplasma to be most similar (99·68%) to paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma (PaWB, FJ263621). No differences were detected between the phytoplasmas from the eight affected shinyleaf yellowhorn plants by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nested rDNA products (1·2 kb) using endonucleases MseI, TaqI, RsaI, AluI, HpaII, and EcoRI. This is the first report of an aster yellows (16SrI) group phytoplasma associated with leaf roll disease of shinyleaf yellowhorn in China. The authors thank the 111 project from Education Ministry of China, No.B07049, and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871625) for their support.
The aims of this study were to investigate the effects and mechanisms of physical exercise input, sports emotional intelligence, and sports self-efficacy on exercise adherence, and to examine the chain-mediating role of sports emotional intelligence→sports self-efficacy.
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