David T. Drapeau

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

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William M. Balch

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Bruce C. Bowler

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

E. S. Booth

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Laura C. Lubelczyk

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Jelena Godrijan

Rudjer Boskovic Institute

W. M. Balch

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Hans G. Dam

University of Connecticut

Emily R. Lyczkowski

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Alex J. Poulton

Heriot-Watt University

Catherine Mitchell

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Cooperative Institutions

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Oceanography Society

National Oceanography Centre

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of Southampton

University of Connecticut

University of California, Santa Barbara

University of Miami

University of California, San Diego

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Zonal and meridional patterns of phytoplankton biomass and carbon fixation in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, between 110°W and 140°W

Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)

William M. Balch Alex J. Poulton David T. Drapeau Bruce C. Bowler Laura A. Windecker

10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.08.004

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Citations (41)

Chalk‐Ex—Fate of CaCO₃ particles in the mixed layer: Evolution of patch optical properties

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2009)

William M. Balch A. J. Plueddeman Bruce C. Bowler David T. Drapeau

The fate of particles in the mixed layer is of great relevance to the global carbon cycle as well as to the propagation of light in the sea. We conducted four manipulative field experiments called “Chalk‐Ex” in which known quantities of uniform, calcium carbonate particles were injected into the surface mixed layer. Since the production term for these patches was known to high precision, the experimental design allowed us to focus on terms associated with particle loss. The mass of chalk in the patches was evaluated using the well‐calibrated light‐scattering properties of the chalk plus measurements from a variety of optical measurements and platforms. Patches were surveyed with a temporal resolution of hours over spatial scales of tens of kilometers. Our results demonstrated exponential loss of the chalk particles with time from the patches. There was little evidence for rapid sinking of the chalk. Instead, horizontal eddy diffusion appeared to be the major factor affecting the dispersion of the chalk to concentrations below the limits of detection. There was unequivocal evidence of subduction of the chalk along isopycnals and subsequent formation of thin layers. Shear dispersion is the most likely mechanism to explain these results. Calculations of horizontal eddy diffusivity were consistent with other mixed layer patch experiments. Our results provide insight into the importance of physics in the formation of subsurface particle maxima in the sea, as well as the importance of rapid coccolith production and critical patch size for maintenance of natural coccolithophore blooms in nature.

Coccolith

Eddy diffusion

Mixed layer

Particle (ecology)

Surface layer

Marine snow

10.1029/2008jc004902

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Scaling from Surface Satellite Measurements of PIC to Integrated Euphotic Estimates over the Global Ocean: Do Vertical Profiles of Coccolithophores Look Like Vertical Profiles of Chlorophyll?

American Geophysical Union eBooks (2016)

W. M. Balch David T. Drapeau Bruce C. Bowler Emily R. Lyczkowski Laura C. Lubelczyk

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Bio‐optical consequences of viral infection of phytoplankton: I. Experiments with the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp.

Limnology and Oceanography (2007)

William M. Balch James M. Vaughn Joaquim I. Goés Jiřı́ Novotný David T. Drapeau

Four strains of the cyanobacteria, Synechococcus , were infected with viruses isolated and purified from coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine. Changes in host and virus concentration were observed in time course experiments, along with associated variability in inherent optical properties. There were strong optical shifts before and after lysis in inherent optical properties on time scales commensurate with the viral infection process. Specifically, both backscattering and absorption (particularly in visible wavelengths) increased slightly after infection, but decreased markedly after lysis. The most rapid optical change was seen in in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence, with a slight increase within 2 d after initial infection. Such changes likely reflect fundamental changes in host photophysiology after infection. After host lysis, there was a major drop in bulk Chl a fluorescence, synchronous with a major increase in the ratio of free viruses per host cell. The net effect of the changes in fluorescence and host concentration was an increase in the fluorescence per cell. These optical changes were accompanied by major changes in the submicron particle size spectra as cells were lysed, releasing their intracellular contents.

10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0727

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Citations (6)

Corrigendum

New Phytologist (2022)

William M. Balch David T. Drapeau Jelena Godrijan

Paragraph

10.1111/nph.18009

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Environmental Drivers of Coccolithophore Growth in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean

Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2023)

Hilde Oliver Dennis J. McGillicuddy Kristen M. Krumhardt Matthew C. Long Nicholas R. Bates

Abstract The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) is a band of high concentrations of suspended particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) spanning the subantarctic Southern Ocean and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The key limiting factors controlling coccolithophore growth supporting this high PIC have not yet been well‐characterized in the remote Pacific sector, the lowest PIC but largest area of the GCB. Here, we present in situ physical and biogeochemical measurements along 150°W from January to February 2021, where a coccolithophore bloom occurred. In both months, PIC was elevated in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), where nitrate was >1 μM and temperatures were ∼13°C in January and ∼14°C in February, consistent with conditions previously associated with optimal coccolithophore growth potential. The highest PIC was associated with a relatively narrow temperature range that increased about 1°C between occupations. A fresher water mass had been transported to the 150°W meridian between occupations, and altimetry‐informed Lagrangian backtracking estimates show that most of this water was likely transported from the southeast within the SAZ. Applying the observations in a coccolithophore growth model for both January and February, we show that the ∼1.7°C increase in temperature can explain the rise in PIC between occupations.

Coccolithophore

Biogeochemical Cycle

Bloom

paleoceanography

10.1029/2023gb007751

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Citations (8)

Calcium Carbonate Dissolution Above the Lysocline: Implications of Copepod Grazing on Coccolithophores

American Geophysical Union eBooks (2016)

Meredith M. White Jesica Waller Laura C. Lubelczyk David T. Drapeau Bruce C. Bowler

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Results from 14C-labeled uptake experiments determining uptake of specific dissolved organic compounds which showed high potential for osmotrophy

Jelena Godrijan David T. Drapeau William M. Balch

10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.858771.1

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Coccolith dissolution within copepod guts affects fecal pellet density and sinking rate

Scientific Reports (2018)

Meredith M. White Jesica Waller Laura C. Lubelczyk David T. Drapeau Bruce C. Bowler

The most common biomineral produced in the contemporary ocean is calcium carbonate, including the polymorph calcite produced by coccolithophores. The surface waters of the ocean are supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. As a result, particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), such as calcite coccoliths, is not expected thermodynamically to dissolve in waters above the lysocline (~4500-6000 m). However, observations indicate that up to 60-80% of calcium carbonate is lost in the upper 500-1000 m of the ocean. This is hypothesized to occur in microenvironments with reduced saturation states, such as zooplankton guts. Using a new application of the highly precise 14C microdiffusion technique, we show that following a period of starvation, up to 38% of ingested calcite dissolves in copepod guts. After continued feeding, our data show the gut becomes increasingly buffered, which limits further dissolution; this has been termed the Tums hypothesis (after the drugstore remedy for stomach acid). As less calcite dissolves in the gut and is instead egested in fecal pellets, the fecal pellet sinking rates double, with corresponding increases in pellet density. Our results empirically demonstrate that zooplankton guts can facilitate calcite dissolution above the chemical lysocline, and that carbon export through fecal pellet production is variable, based on the feeding history of the copepod.

Pellet

Coccolith

10.1038/s41598-018-28073-x

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Citations (24)

南極海気体交換実験期間中の光学上および無機炭素収支への円石藻類の寄与:”Great Calcite Belt”仮説を支持する新しい証拠

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (2012)

W. M. Balch David T. Drapeau Bruce C. Bowler E. Lyczskowski E. S. Booth

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