Objective: The American Heart Association's (AHA) 2020 Strategic Goals defined a new concept of cardiovascular health (CVH) for adults and children, emphasizing the importance of early prevention of risk factors. CV disease risk factors track from childhood to adulthood, which should be closely monitored over time. However, detailed data on the trends in CVH among children are sparse. Therefore, by adopting the construct from the AHA, the present study seeks to evaluate the changes of ideal CVH, as well as each component, among Chinese children and adolescents in Beijing. Design and Method: We used data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2004 and 2014 including 5,596 children and adolescents aged 6–18years. Ideal CVH was defined as meeting all ideal levels of the following components: four behaviors (smoking, body mass index, physical activity and diet) and three factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure and glucose). Results: Almost all ideal CVH components decreased from 2004 through 2014 among children and adolescents in Beijing, while the prevalence of ideal physical activity increased (from 19.6% [95% CI, 18.3%–20.9%] to 47.6% [95% CI, 45.1%–50.1%]; p < 0.001). The prevalence of children meeting all seven CVH metrics was low, and declined from 2.5% [95% CI, 2.0%–3.1%] to 1.0% [95% CI, 0.4%–1.6%] over the study period. Disparities in ideal CVH behaviors were observed between parental education > 12 versus < 12 years, and poverty-income ratio of >2 versus <2 (all, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Adverse trends in ideal cardiovascular health over the past 10 years were observed among Chinese children and adolescents. Comprehensive individual and population-based interventions must be developed to promote cardiovascular health in China.
Objective: To describe the body composition related developmental characteristics in Chinese children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. Methods: Data were obtained from the 'China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) cross-sectional survey' in 2015, which including seven cities. Questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurements were carried out with body composition also measured, using the Hologic Discovery Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. BMI, fat mass percentage (FMP), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. SAS 9.4 and SPSS 20.0 softwares were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10 867 participants aged 3-17 years were involved in this study, including 5 512 boys (50.7%). FMP in boys decreased obviously between 10-15 years old[β=-1.811 (95%CI: -1.987 - -1.635)]. FMP in girls decreased between 3-7 years old[β=-0.896 (95%CI: -1.100 - -0.691)] and increased obviously between 12-15 years old [β=0.989 (95%CI: 0.753-1.224)]. In general, FMP in girls were higher than that in boys in every age group, except for the 9 and 10 years old groups ( all P<0.05). FFMI of boys was higher than that in girls at all ages. Differences on FFMI were getting bigger between boys and girls in the 11 years old group and above. FMI increased with age [boys: β=0.033 (95%CI: 0.018-0.048); girls: β=0.192 (95%CI: 0.181-0.204)] and intersected between genders. Adiposity rebound age was earlier in the obese group than that in both overweight and normal weight groups. FMI in normal weight boys decreased with age and remained lower than 5 kg/m(2), while FMI in overweight [β=0.114 (95%CI: 0.091-0.136)] and obese [β=0.211 (95%CI: 0.176-0.245)] boys increased with age. FMP in boys decreased with age from 10 years old in all weight status groups [normal weight: β=-0.836 (95%CI: -0.924 - -0.748); overweight: β=-1.090 (95%CI: -1.269 - -0.910); obese: β=-1.144 (95%CI: -1.321- -0.967)]. BMI, FFMI, FMI in girls changed with age similarly in all weight status groups and increased from 8 years old[normal weight: β=0.174 (95%CI: 0.165- 0.182); overweight: β=0.325 (95%CI: 0.304-0.346); obesity: β=0.447 (95%CI: 0.406-0.488)]. Changes in FMP in girls increased significantly with age after 12 years old [normal weight: β=0.963 (95%CI: 0.851-1.074); overweight: β=0.910 (95%CI: 0.695-1.125); obesity: β=0.895 (95%CI: 0.569-1.221)]. In total, correlation indexes of BMI and FMI were strong (boys: r=0.767; girls: r=0.873) and were different in various weight status groups. Conclusions: The growth chart of BMI presented inconsistently with the different developmental characteristics of body fat, and gender. Measurement on body composition needs to be developed for children and adolescents to give more precisely assessment on growth and development of children.目的： 描述3～17岁儿童青少年体成分（脂肪组织、非脂肪组织）的发育特征。 方法： 采用分层整群抽样方法，分别抽取南方和北方共计7个城市，包括长春、北京、天津、济南、上海、银川、重庆的3～17岁城市汉族儿童青少年10 867例。采用问卷调查收集研究对象基本信息，测量身高、体重，采用双能X线吸收法（DXA）测量身体脂肪组织质量、非脂肪组织质量等。计算BMI、体脂含量百分比（FMP）、脂肪质量指数（FMI）、非脂肪组织质量指数（FFMI）。采用SAS 9.4软件进行数据整理和逻辑核查，采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果： 共收集10 867例3～17岁儿童青少年数据，其中男生5 512人（50.7%）。男生FMP在10～15岁组随年龄增长迅速下降[β＝-1.811（95%CI：-1.987～-1.635）]，15岁以后变化不明显；女生FMP在3～7岁组随年龄增长呈下降趋势[β＝-0.896（95%CI：-1.100～-0.691）]，7～12岁变化不明显，12～15岁随年龄增长增速明显[β＝0.989（95%CI：0.753～1.224）]，15岁以后变化不明显。除9岁组和10岁组以外，女生FMP高于男生（均P<0.05）。男生FFMI在3～17岁各个年龄段均明显高于女生（均P<0.05），11岁以后，女生和男生的FFMI差异变大。男生和女生的FMI随年龄变化的生长曲线有交叉，略有随年龄增长而增加的趋势[男生：β＝0.033（95%CI：0.018～0.048）；女生：β＝0.192（95%CI：0.181～0.204）]。脂肪重聚年龄肥胖组小于超重组和正常体重组；男生不同体重状态组BMI、FFMI随年龄变化情况类似；男生正常体重组FMI随年龄增长略有降低，一直保持在5 kg/m(2)以下，超重组[β＝0.114（95%CI：0.091～0.136）]和肥胖组[β＝0.211（95%CI：0.176～0.245）]的FMI有明显随年龄增长而增加的趋势；不同体重状态组男生FMP在10岁以后随年龄增长呈下降趋势[正常体重：β＝-0.836（95%CI：-0.924～-0.748）；超重：β＝-1.090（95%CI：-1.269～-0.910）；肥胖：β＝-1.144（95%CI：-1.321～-0.967）]；不同体重状态组女生的BMI、FFMI、FMI随年龄变化情况类似，在8岁以后呈现随年龄增长而上升的趋势[正常体重组：β＝0.174（95%CI：0.165～0.182）；超重组：β＝0.325（95%CI：0.304～0.346）；肥胖组：β＝0.447（95%CI：0.406～0.488）]；女生FMP的变化12岁以后随年龄增长呈明显增加的趋势[正常体重组：β＝0.963（95%CI：0.851～1.074）；超重组：β＝0.910（95%CI：0.695～1.125）；肥胖组：β＝0.895（95%CI：0.569～1.221）]。总体上来看，BMI和FMI的相关性很强（男生：r＝0.767；女生：r＝0.873），不同体重状态儿童青少年BMI和FMI的r不同。 结论： 儿童脂肪组织和非脂肪组织发育特征不同，且存在性别差异。BMI生长曲线和体脂肪的发育特征不完全一致，且存在性别差异，有必要对生长发育中的儿童进行更精准的体成分评估。.
The aim of the present study was to classify the latent body fat trajectories of Chinese adults and their relationships with cardiometabolic risk factors. Data were obtained from the China Health Nutrition Survey for 3,013 participants, who underwent six follow-up visits between 1993 and 2009. Skinfold thickness and other anthropometric indicators were used to estimate body composition. The latent growth model was used to create fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (F2FFMR) trajectory groups. Blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high- and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol were measured in venous blood after an overnight fast. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationships of F2FFMR trajectory with cardiometabolic risk factors. In men, four types of F2FFMR trajectory were identified. After adjustment for behavioral and lifestyle factors, age, and weight status, and compared with the Low stability group, the High stability group showed a significant association with diabetes. In women, three types of F2FFMR trajectory were identified. Compared to the Low stability group, the High stability group showed significant associations with diabetes and hypertension after adjustment for the same covariates as in men. Thus, in this long-term study we have identified three F2FFMR trajectory groups in women and four in men. In both sexes, the highly stable F2FFMR is associated with the highest risk of developing diabetes, independent of age and body mass. In addition, in women, it is associated with the highest risk of hypertension, independent of age and body mass.
Numerous investigations have examined the potential link between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some studies show no association between the two diseases. The connection between these two conditions remains inconclusive. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis exploring the correlation between AR and ADHD.
This study aimed to analyze the growth patterns of height and foot length (FL) among Chinese children aged 3-18 and examine their associations with puberty development.
Background Central apnea (CA) events always can be seen in the polysomnographic (PSG) reports of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and sometimes the central apnea index (CAI) is higher than the obstructive apnea and hypopnea index (OAHI). Commonly, the clinicians only attribute it to the age. This study aims to elucidate the distribution characteristics and major factors associated with CA in pediatric OSA. Methods A retrospective chart review of PSG data of children with OSA from January 2017 to March 2018 was performed. Results 856 children (317 girls and 539 boys, 4.9 ± 2.4 years) were involved. 50.1% (429/856) had a CAI > 1, and 2.9% (25/856) had a CAI >5. Children with a CAI >1 had a higher OAHI, arousal index (AI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and a longer REM period, but a younger age and a shorter slow-wave sleep (SWS) phase. Multivariate binary logistic regression showed that with a 1% increased REM period, the risk of the CAI being >1 increased by 5.3% ( p < 0.001). The CAI increased with an increasing OAHI ( p = 0.003). The possibility of a CAI ≤ 1 increased with age ( p < 0.001), and boys were more likely to have a CAI ≤ 1 ( p = 0.001). Conclusions In addition to obstructive apnea (OA), almost all children with OSA also had CA, and a CAI > 1 was most likely to occur. The OAHI and REM period were risk factors for an increased CAI, and age and male sex were protective factors.
Background: We aimed to retrospectively investigate the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in low-risk patients with hepatoblastoma (HB) who underwent curative resection between February 2009 and December 2017. We also verified the feasibility of the risk stratification system to select the optimal patients for upfront resection. Procedure: We compared 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) between the upfront surgery (US) (n=26) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) (n=104) groups at three oncology centers in Beijing, China. To reduce the effect of covariate imbalances, propensity score matching (PSM) was used. We explored whether preoperative chemotherapy affected surgical outcomes and identified the risk factors for events and death, including resection margin status, PRETreatment EXTent of disease stages, age, sex, pathology classification, and α-fetoprotein levels. Results: The median follow-up period was 64 months (interquartile range 60–72). After PSM, 22 pairs of patients were identified and the patient characteristics were similar for all variables included in propensity score matching. In the US group, the 5-year EFS and OS rates were 81.8% and 86.3%, respectively. In the NC group, 5-year EFS and OS rates were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. No significant differences in EFS or OS were observed between the groups. Pathological classification was the only risk factor for death and disease progression, tumor recurrence, diagnosis of other malignant neoplasms, and death from any cause ( p =0.007 and p =0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Upfront resection can achieve long-term disease control in low-risk patients with resectable HB, thus reducing the cumulative toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs.
Background Accurate assessment of body composition (BC) is important to investigate the development of childhood obesity. A bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device is portable and inexpensive compared with air displacement plethysmography (ADP) for the assessment of BC and is widely used in children. However, studies of the effectiveness of BIA are few and present different results, especially in pediatric populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between BIA and ADP for estimating BC. Methods The BC of 981 Chinese children (3–5 years) was measured using the BIA device (SeeHigher BAS-H, China) and ADP (BOD POD). Results Our results showed that BIA underestimated fat mass (FM) and overestimated fat-free mass (FFM) in normal weight children ( P < 0.05), but the opposite trend was shown in children with obesity ( P < 0.05). The agreement between FM and FFM measured by the two methods was strong (CCC > 0.80). The linear regression equation of 5-year-old children was constructed. Conclusion The SeeHigher BAS-H multi-frequency BIA device is a valid device to evaluate BC in Chinese preschool children compared with ADP (BOD POD), especially in 5-year-old children or children with obesity. Further research is needed to standardize the assessment of BC in children.
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