Journal Article Effect of Intensity and Duration of Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Infestation and Water Stress on Leaf Scorch Damage of ‘Bartlett’ Pear Get access S. C. McNab, S. C. McNab Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. G. Williams, D. G. Williams Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. H. Jerie P. H. Jerie Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 87, Issue 6, 1 December 1994, Pages 1608–1615, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.6.1608 Published: 01 December 1994 Article history Received: 17 August 1993 Accepted: 03 May 1994 Published: 01 December 1994
Areawide mating disruption treatments have been effective in controlling infestation of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australian pome and stone fruit orchards. Although successful, the areawide mating disruption program has been an expensive approach by using hand-applied Isomate dispensers. Sprayable microencapsulated (MEC) pheromone formulations that can be applied with standard spray equipment could substantially reduce the cost of application. Field trials conducted during two consecutive seasons (2002-2004) demonstrated that monthly applications of MEC-OFM phase V (3M Canada, London, Ontario, Canada) at a rate of 125 ml/ha (37.1 g [AI]/ha) in replicated 2-ha blocks of both peaches and pears reduced oriental fruit moth shoot tip and fruit damage as effectively as a single application of Isomate OFM Rosso hand-applied dispensers (500 dispensers per ha) and as or more effectively than standard broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. Fruit protection was achieved despite high oriental fruit moth population densities in both crops as measured by moth catches in terpinyl acetate food and pheromone traps. Similar numbers of oriental fruit moths were captured among all treatments in food traps but captures of males in pheromone traps were disrupted (96-99%) in pheromone-treated blocks relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that microencapsulated formulations of pheromone could be effectively used in areawide mating disruption programs for oriental fruit moth in Australia as a cost-saving alternative to reservoir-style dispensers requiring labor-intensive hand application.
Journal Article The Influence of W.H. Auden on the work of Peter Porter Get access David G. Williams David G. Williams Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar English: Journal of the English Association, Volume 41, Issue 169, Spring 1992, Pages 25–47, https://doi.org/10.1093/english/41.169.25 Published: 01 March 1992
Abstract: Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.
Abstract It is unclear how elevated CO 2 ( eCO 2 ) and the corresponding shifts in temperature and precipitation will interact to impact ecosystems over time. During a 7‐year experiment in a semi‐arid grassland, the response of plant biomass to eCO 2 and warming was largely regulated by interannual precipitation, while the response of plant community composition was more sensitive to experiment duration. The combined effects of eCO 2 and warming on aboveground plant biomass were less positive in ‘wet’ growing seasons, but total plant biomass was consistently stimulated by ~ 25% due to unique, supra‐additive responses of roots. Independent of precipitation, the combined effects of eCO 2 and warming on C 3 graminoids became increasingly positive and supra‐additive over time, reversing an initial shift toward C 4 grasses. Soil resources also responded dynamically and non‐additively to eCO 2 and warming, shaping the plant responses. Our results suggest grasslands are poised for drastic changes in function and highlight the need for long‐term, factorial experiments.
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