Observation of manta rays exiting water has been rarely reported, as there are various difficulties in observing and obtaining data on their behavior in a marine environment. Therefore, the movement mechanism of manta rays exiting water is still unclear. This paper proposes the idea of using CFD (based on Ansys Fluent, version 2022) to simulate the water-exit process of the manta ray. The study discusses the changes in the mechanical and kinematic parameters of the manta ray over time and obtains the evolution of vortex structures during the underwater movement phase of the manta ray. Time history variations of the mechanical and kinematics parameters in the vertical water-exit motion are discussed. The evolution of vortex structures during the underwater movement of the manta ray is obtained. The direction in which the manta ray approaches the free surface is the X-direction and the direction of its flapping motion is the Z-direction. VX and VZ are the velocities of the manta ray in the X- and Z-directions, respectively. FX and FZ represent the forces acting on the manta ray in the X- and Z-directions, respectively. The results indicate that the vertical water-exit of the manta ray mainly undergoes three stages: underwater acceleration, crossing the free surface, and aerial movement. During the underwater acceleration phase, the force FX of the manta ray fluctuates, but its average value is positive within one cycle. VX also shows a stepwise increase, while FZ and VZ exhibit periodic changes. During the stage of crossing the free liquid surface, FX first increases and then sharply decreases, VX also shows an increase and then decrease, FZ fluctuates greatly, producing a peak, and the swimming speed VZ of the manta ray is negative. During the aerial motion phase, FX is mainly affected by gravity, VX decreases linearly, FZ approaches 0, and VZ remains constant. During the process of swimming underwater, the tail vortex of the manta ray presents a double row staggered structure to generate thrust. Increasing the flapping frequency and decreasing the wave number can improve the swimming speed of the manta ray, and then increase its water-exit height. The findings may provide an important hydrodynamics basis for biomimetic trans-media vehicle designs.
Abstract Objectives Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anaesthetic in clinical and can inhibit proliferation, suppress invasion and migration and induce apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ( LAD ) cells. However, its specific downstream molecular mechanism is unclear. Materials and methods LAD cell lines, A549 and H1299 cells, were treated with lidocaine. The proliferation was evaluated by the methylthiazolyldiphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide ( MTT ) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. The expression level of related proteins was detected by real‐time quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) and Western blot assay. Results The results indicated that lidocaine dose‐dependently suppressed the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells. In the LAD patients’ samples, GOLT 1A was upregulated and involved in the poor prognosis and higher grade malignancy. Additionally, GOLT 1A mediates the function of lidocaine on repressing proliferation by regulating the cell cycle in A549 cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that lidocaine downregulates the GOLT 1A expression to repress the proliferation of lung cancer cells.
Conformal inference is a popular tool for constructing prediction intervals (PIs). Due to the consideration of computational burden, one of the most commonly used conformal methods is split conformal, which generally suffers from introducing extra randomness and reducing the effectiveness of training models. A natural remedy is to use multiple splits; however, it is still challenging to obtain valid PIs because of the dependence across the splits. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient multi‐split conformal prediction method via adapting Cauchy aggregation, which is a powerful tool for combining ‐values with arbitrary correlation structures. Under two different kinds of general conditions, we show that our method is able to yield asymptotically‐exact PIs. Numerical results show that the resulting intervals outperform existing methods in many settings, especially when the stability condition of regression modelling does not satisfy well.
Abstract Although implantation of biomaterials carrying mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is considered as a promising strategy for ameliorating neural function after spinal cord injury (SCI), there are still some challenges including poor cell survival rate, tumorigenicity and ethics concerns. The performance of the secretome derived from MSCs was more stable, and its clinical transformation was more operable. Cytokine antibody array demonstrated that the secretome of MSCs contained 79 proteins among the 174 proteins analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome improved hindlimb locomotor function according to the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan scores, the inclined-grid climbing test and electrophysiological analysis. Parallel with locomotor function recovery, 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome could further facilitate nerve fiber regeneration, enhance remyelination and accelerate the establishment of synaptic connections at the injury site compared to 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds alone group according to magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Bielschowsky’s silver staining, immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. These results indicated the implantation of 3D printed collagen/silk fibroin scaffolds carrying MSCs secretome might be a potential treatment for SCI.
Studies were performed to (1) evaluate whether the presence of iron affected the physicochemical properties of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and mycophenolic acid (MPA), and (2) determine whether alteration of these properties was indicative of formation of an MMF-iron complex. The solubility, stability (chemical reactivity), and partitioning properties of MMF and MPA were evaluated over a pH range of 2-7 in the presence and absence of ferrous sulfate. In addition, the solubility and partitioning properties of MMF were assessed after the MMF drug product, CellCept capsules, was combined with an iron tablet (Fero-Gradumet, ferrous sulfate, tablets). The results of studies showed that: The solubility of MMF in the presence of ferrous sulfate was generally unaffected over a pH range of 2-7; a small increase in solubility was observed in pH 5.2 buffer solution. The solubility of MPA decreased in pH 5.2 and 7.0 buffer solutions. Both MMF and MPA were more stable in the presence of ferrous sulfate at pH 2.0; ferrous sulfate had no effect on the stability of MMF and MPA at pH 7.0. Overall, the partitioning of MMF and MPA was unaffected by the addition of ferrous sulfate. The solubility and partitioning of MMF from CellCept capsules combined with Fero-Gradumet (ferrous sulfate) tablets showed a twofold increase in aqueous solubility of MMF as well as increased concentration of MMF in both the n-octanol and aqueous phases, leading to a decrease in the octanol/water partition coefficient due to a reduction in pH of the aqueous phase. Based on these results, it was concluded that the physicochemical properties of MMF and MPA were generally not affected by the presence of ferrous sulfate. Further, the presence of ferrous sulfate did not suggest the formation of an MMF-iron complex.
The cytoskeleton is an essential element of a eukaryotic cell which informs both form and function and ultimately has physiological consequences for the organism. Equally as important as the major cytoskeletal networks are crosslinkers which coordinate and regulate their activities. One such category of crosslinker is the spectraplakins, a family of giant, evolutionarily conserved crosslinking proteins with the rare ability to interact with each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. In particular, a mammalian spectraplakin isotype called MACF1 (microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1), also known as ACF7 (actin crosslinking factor 7), has been of particular interest in the years since its discovery; MACF1 has come under such scrutiny due to the mounting list of biological phenomena in which it has been implicated. This review is an overview of the current knowledge on the structure and function of the known spectraplakin isotypes with an emphasis on MACF1, recent studies on MACF1, and finally, an analysis of the potential of MACF1 to advance medicine. Impact statement Spectraplakins are a highly conserved group of proteins which have the rare ability to bind to each of the three major cytoskeletal networks. The mammalian spectraplakin MACF1/ACF7 has proven to be instrumental in many cellular processes (e.g. signaling and cell migration) since its identification and, as such, has been the focus of various research studies. This review is a synthesis of scientific reports on the structure, confirmed functions, and implicated roles of MACF1/ACF7 as of 2019. Based on what has been revealed thus far in terms of MACF1/ACF7’s role in complex pathologies such as metastatic cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, it appears that MACF1/ACF7 and the continued study thereof hold great potential to both enhance the design of future therapies for various diseases and vastly expand scientific understanding of organismal physiology as a whole.
To analyze immune reconstitution and influencing factors in HIV infected men who have sex with men (MSM) with access to antiviral therapy (ART) in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi) during 2005-2021.
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